Restorative Justice for Victims of Terrorism: Healing Beyond Retribution

Authors

  • Faby Izaura Y Barus Study of Terrorism, School of Stratejic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia
  • Sapto Priyanto Study of Terrorism, School of Strategic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia
  • Muhamad Syauqillah Study of Terrorism, School of Strategic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i12.637

Keywords:

Restorative Justice, Victims, Terrorism

Abstract

This research investigates the application of restorative justice in Indonesia's approach to terrorism, highlighting its potential to transform traditional justice methods. It focuses on the benefits of restorative justice in empowering victims, promoting offender accountability, and enhancing community trust. The study acknowledges the challenges in implementation, including legal, security, and cultural barriers, as well as resource constraints. Proposed solutions involve legal reforms, heightened security protocols, and increased public awareness. The conclusion emphasizes that restorative justice, with its emphasis on healing and community engagement, is a crucial step towards a more inclusive and effective response to terrorism's societal impacts in Indonesia.

References

Achsin, M. Z. (2019). Culture and Role of Woman in Terrorism in Indonesia. Case Studies: Suicide Bombings in Surabaya and Sibolga. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(5c), 873–876. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.E1123.0585C19

Ahlfeldt, G. M., Franke, B., & Maennig, W. (2015). Terrorism and International Tourism: The Case of Germany. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 235(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-0103

Al Makmun, M. T., Nuraeni, A., & Afda, J. N. (2018). Anti-American Movements in Indonesia as Presented in Indonesian Online Media News: Violence Against American Cultural Symbols in Response to the “War On Terror.” Jurnal Komunikasi, Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34(1), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3401-21

Banwell-Moore, R. (2023). Just an ‘optional extra’in the ‘victim toolkit’?: The culture, mechanisms and approaches of criminal justice organisations delivering restorative justice in England and Wales. International Review of Victimology, 29(2), 217–235.

Barton, G. (2004). Indonesia’s struggle: Jemaah Islamiyah and the soul of Islam. UNSW Press.

Bleich, A. (2003). Exposure to Terrorism, Stress-Related Mental Health Symptoms, and Coping Behaviors Among a Nationally Representative Sample in Israel. JAMA, 290(5), 612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.612

Carlsmith, K. M. (2008). On Justifying Punishment: The Discrepancy Between Words and Actions. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0068-x

Collins, D. L., & de Carvalho, A. B. (1993). Chronic stress from the Goiania 137Cs radiation accident. Behavioral Medicine, 18(4), 149–157.

Cribb, R. (2004). The Indonesian genocide of 1965-1966. Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources, 133–143.

Decker, M. R., Holliday, C. N., Hameeduddin, Z., Shah, R., Miller, J., Dantzler, J., & Goodmark, L. (2022). Defining Justice: Restorative and Retributive Justice Goals Among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), NP2844–NP2867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520943728

Dinda Rosanti Salsa Bela, Achmad Nurmandi, Isnaini Muallidin, & Danang Kurniawan. (2021). Meta-Analysis the Root of Terrorism from the Perspektif Islamic Movement in Indonesia. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 16(2), 393–420. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v16i2.4817

Dwiwarno, N. (2018). Terrorism as Transnational Organized Crime and Government’S Attemp to Elliminate Terrorism. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 175, 012209. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012209

Eddyono, S. W. (2021). Restorative Justice for Victim’s Rights on Sexual Violence. Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, 5(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v5i2.28011

Erikha, F., & Rufaedah, A. (2019). Dealing with terrorism in Indonesia. In Terrorist Rehabilitation and Community Engagement in Malaysia and Southeast Asia (pp. 131–138). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817466-9

Etuk, G. R., & Nnam, M. U. (2018). Predictors and risk factors of armed robbery victimisation in Nigeria: An integrated theoretical perspective. European Scientific Journal, 14(29), 1–15.

Fischer, P., & Ai, A. L. (2008). International Terrorism and Mental Health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507312292

Giordano, G. N., & Lindström, M. (2016). The 2005 London terror attacks: An investigation of changes in psychological wellbeing and social capital pre- and post-attacks (2003-07)-A UK panel study. SSM - Population Health, 2, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.06.008

Grieger, T. A. (2006). Psychiatric and societal impacts of terrorism. Psychiatric Times, 23(7), 24.

Gromet, D. M., & Darley, J. M. (2006). Restoration and Retribution: How Including Retributive Components Affects the Acceptability of Restorative Justice Procedures. Social Justice Research, 19(4), 395–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0023-7

Gromet, D. M., & Darley, J. M. (2009). Punishment and Beyond: Achieving Justice Through the Satisfaction of Multiple Goals. Law & Society Review, 43(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00365.x

Halder, D. (2014). Restorative justice today: practical applications. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(3), 402–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.944801

Hamka, L. B., Basir-Cyio, M., & Kasim, A. (2022). Reevaluation of the Concept of State Losses in Corruption (Analysis in the Perspective of Restorative Justice). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 06(12), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61229

Harris, N. (2006). Reintegrative Shaming, Shame, and Criminal Justice. Journal of Social Issues, 62(2), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00453.x

Hobson, J., Twyman-Ghoshal, A., Banwell-Moore, R., & Ash, D. P. (2022). Restorative justice, youth violence, and policing: a review of the evidence. Laws, 11(4), 62.

Hoyle, C., & Rosenblatt, F. F. (2016). Looking back to the future: Threats to the success of restorative justice in the United Kingdom. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 30–49.

Hwang, J. C. (2023). Lessons from the Indonesian experience. The Routledge Handbook on Radicalisation and Countering Radicalisation.

Ilyas, M. (2021). Decolonising the Terrorism Industry: Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020053

Ilyas, M., & Athwal, R. (2021). De-Radicalisation and Humanitarianism in Indonesia. Social Sciences, 10(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030087

Jones, S. (2011). The ongoing extremist threat in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2011(1), 91–104.

Kersten, C. (2015). Islam in Indonesia: the contest for society, ideas and values. Oxford University Press.

Kilekamajenga, N. N. (2018). Learning from contemporary examples in Africa: Referral mechanisms for restorative justice in Tanzania. South African Crime Quarterly, 63, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n63a4368

Mahood, S., & Rane, H. (2017). Islamist narratives in ISIS recruitment propaganda. The Journal of International Communication, 23(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2016.1263231

Marder, I. D. (2020). Institutionalising restorative justice in the police: Key findings from a study of two English police forces. Contemporary Justice Review, 23(4), 500–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2020.1755847

Milla, M. N., Hudiyana, J., Cahyono, W., & Muluk, H. (2020). Is the Role of Ideologists Central in Terrorist Networks? A Social Network Analysis of Indonesian Terrorist Groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00333

Murhula, P. B. B., & Tolla, A. D. (2020). The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices on Victims of Crime: Evidence from South Africa. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.1511

Mutanda, D., & Hendricks, C. (2022). Restorative justice in Zimbabwe’s reconciliation process: Some considerations. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 28(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000599

Pettker, C. M. (2010). Getting It Right When Things Go Wrong. JAMA, 303(10), 977. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.256

Presser, L., & Van Voorhis, P. (2002). Values and Evaluation: Assessing Processes and Outcomes of Restorative Justice Programs. Crime & Delinquency, 48(1), 162–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048001007

Priyanto, S., Dermawan, M., & Runturambi, A. (2020). Prevention of Terrorism Attacks by Identifying Terrorist Activities. International Journal of Smart Security Technologies (IJSST), 7(1), 49–57.

Rasmussen, H. F., Ramos, M. C., Han, S. C., Pettit, C., & Margolin, G. (2018). How discrimination and perspective?taking influence adolescents’ attitudes about justice. Journal of Adolescence, 62(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.005

Roberts, L. (1987). Radiation Accident Grips Goiânia: The Brazilian government is grappling with the second worst radiation accident in history and is looking into the role of bone marrow specialist Robert Gale in treating the victims. Science, 238(4830), 1028–1031.

Sandwick, T., Hahn, J. W., & Hassoun Ayoub, L. (2019). Fostering community, sharing power: Lessons for building restorative justice school cultures. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27, 145. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4296

Schuurman, B. (2019). Topics in terrorism research: reviewing trends and gaps, 2007-2016. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(3), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1579777

Shapland, J., Atkinson, A., Atkinson, H., Colledge, E., Dignan, J., Howes, M., Johnstone, J., Robinson, G., & Sorsby, A. (2006). Situating restorative justice within criminal justice. Theoretical Criminology, 10(4), 505–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480606068876

Sherman, L. W., Strang, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D. J., & Ariel, B. (2015). Are Restorative Justice Conferences Effective in Reducing Repeat Offending? Findings from a Campbell Systematic Review. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9222-9

Simons, J. (2023). Restorative Justice, Social Cohesion, and Preventing and Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism: Time for a New Zealand Praxis? National Security Journal, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.36878/nsj20230329.09

Sriwiyanti, S., Saefudin, W., & Aminah, S. (2021). Restorative Justice for Juvenile Offenders in Indonesia: A Study of Psychological Perspective and Islamic Law. JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 2(2), 168–196. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v2i2.335

Staiger, I. (2009). Restorative Justice and Victims of Terrorism. In Assisting Victims of Terrorism (pp. 267–337). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3025-2_7

Steinhausler, F. (2005). Chernobyl and Goiania lessons for responding to radiological terrorism. Health Physics, 89(5), 566–574.

Subagyo, A. (2021). The implementation of the pentahelix model for the terrorism deradicalization program in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1964720

Umbreit, M. S., & Ritter, R. (2006). Arab offenders meet Jewish victim: Restorative family dialogue in Israel. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 24(1), 99–109.

Van Ness, D. W. (2016). An overview of restorative justice around the world.

Vaughn, B. (2010). Terrorism in southeast Asia. DIANE Publishing.

Waldman, D. A., Carmeli, A., & Halevi, M. Y. (2011). Beyond the red tape: How victims of terrorism perceive and react to Organizational responses to their suffering. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(7), 938–954.

Walgrave, L. (2015). Domestic terrorism: a challenge for restorative justice. Restorative Justice, 3(2), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/20504721.2015.1069533

Wenzel, M., Okimoto, T. G., Feather, N. T., & Platow, M. J. (2008). Retributive and restorative justice. Law and Human Behavior, 32(5), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-007-9116-6

Wooding, S., & Raphael, B. (2004). Psychological Impact of Disasters and Terrorism on Children and Adolescents: Experiences from Australia. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00001436

Yeung, J. C. (2015). A Critical analysis on ISIS propaganda and social media strategies. Terrorism and Security Studies.

Zulfa, E. A. (2020). Implementation of Restorative Justice Principles in Indonesia: A Review. International Journal of Science and Society, 2(2), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i2.161

Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Rogers, A. H., Schmidt, N. B., Vujanovic, A. A., Storch, E. A., Buckner, J. D., Paulus, D. J., Alfano, C., & Smits, J. A. J. (2020). Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 134, 103715.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-25