Evaluation of Honey
Production for Industry Purposes, The Case of Beekeeping with Apis Mellifera in Indonesia
After
The Covid-19 Pandemic
Didik
B. Purwanto1*, Kuntadi2, Yelin Adalina3, Araz Meilin4, Rika Raffiudin5,
Muhamad Sahlan6
Indonesian Apiculture Association, Central
Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia1
Indonesian Apiculture Association, Bogor, West
Java, Indonesia2
National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia3
National Research and Innovation Agency, Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia4
IPB University, Bogor, West Java,
Indonesia5
Universitas Indonesia, Depok, DKI Jakarta,
Indonesia6
Email: [email protected]1*,
[email protected]2,
[email protected]3,
[email protected]4,
[email protected]5,
[email protected]6
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ABSTRACT |
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Covid-19 Pandemic, Honey Production, Honey Price. |
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The Indonesian beekeeping industry, grappling
with diverse bee species, focuses on the sustainability of operations,
particularly with the introduction of Apis
mellifera during the early stages of the pandemic. This
study explores post-pandemic Apis
mellifera honey production in Indonesia, analyzing its
impact on prices and business sustainability. Surveys and interviews were
conducted with beekeepers in Java and Sumatra, primary islands with
significant A. mellifera
activities, along with data collection from other regions from January 2022
to October/November 2023. Monthly observations centered on honey production
and prices for industrial purposes. The study uncovered two beekeeping
systems: migratory in Java and stationery in Sumatra. Carpa
honey from Accacia crassicarpa plantation
emerged as a suitable industrial honey, displaying sustainable production,
seasonality, and a large carpa area as bee forages,
contributing to colony growth. Conversely, four Java honey types showed lower
productivity, indicating a potential absence of honey seasons. Carpa honey prices ranged from IDR 25,200 to IDR 31,000
per kg, influenced by market size, production, competition, productivity,
costs, and producer-consumer interactions. Despite a pandemic-induced surge
in the honey market, sustaining high productivity and increasing colony
numbers are crucial for long-term honey production sustainability. |
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INTRODUCTION
The Covid-19
pandemic has hit the world since the beginning of 2020, including
Indonesia. As of December 2023, there were more than
700 million positive cases of Covid worldwide, with nearly 7 million deaths (WHO Corona Virus Dashboard, 2023). In
Indonesia, positive Covid cases are
approaching 7 million, with the death toll reaching 161,848 people. COVID-19
not only threatens human lives but
also severely impacts the world economy due to various restrictions on transportation and human movement. Beekeeping is
one of the activities affected by
these restrictions, especially cultivation, which must move from place to place
for production and pollination needs.
However, amidst the existing difficulties, the COVID-19 pandemic has also brought blessings to beekeeping due to the
soaring demand for beekeeping products, especially honey
Beekeeping
has become essential to human life
Apis mellifera
is one of the few species of honeybees of the Apis
genus that have been widely raised
and developed throughout the world
Beekeeping
with A. mellifera has developed rapidly on the island of Java, supported
by excellent and diverse food sources
in a very adequate area, both in areas managed by state-owned plantation
companies, private companies, and community gardens. Types of food source plants include kapok (Ceiba pentandra), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), rambutan
(Nephelium lappaceum), calliandra
(Calliandra calothyrsus).
However, as the food source area decreases and
other factors, such as pest attacks and climate change, the cultivation
and production of A. mellifera honey in Java tend to decline
The COVID-19
pandemic has had a significant impact on beekeeping in Indonesia. During the pandemic, beekeeping products have
become highly sought after because they are believed to be able to maintain and increase the body's immune system
Looking forward, Indonesia's beekeeping industry needs to develop various
strategies for making honey to get broader access to the international market.
This is necessary to channel domestic production, which has enormous potential
at a time when the domestic market is still minimal. Therefore, studying and
analyzing market trends in the field is necessary to strengthen Indonesia's
beekeeping industry ecosystem. The study aims to understand and interpret the
dynamics of A. mellifera honey
production. This research is expected to show how production, processing,
distribution, and consumption can influence each other and how external and
internal factors can influence the dynamics
METHODS
Research Approach
The aim is
to collect and understand the honey production dynamics in the market, focusing
on Apis mellifera production. The
surveys were conducted using direct interviews with beekeepers. The interview
flow is guided by a list of questions (questionnaire).
Time and Location
The regions
surveyed represent the largest honey-producing areas within Indonesia, namely
Sumatra (Jambi and Riau provinces) and Java (West Java, Central Java, and East
Java). Surveying was carried out in
November 2023 in several districts/cities. The study took place in Java and
represents a model of migratory beekeeping with honey products originating from
several tree species as the main nectar and pollen sources, especially kapok,
rambutan, and rubber. Sumatra represents a model of stationary beekeeping in
acacia plantations as the only honey source. The following table shows the
districts/cities that were selected as survey locations based on the presence
of beekeepers related to Apis mellifera.
Table 1. Survey Locations
|
Island |
Province |
Regency/City |
|
Sumatra |
Riau |
Siak |
|
Bengkalis |
||
|
Jambi |
West Tanjung
Jabung |
|
|
Muaro Jambi |
||
|
Java |
West region |
Bogor |
|
Bekasi |
||
|
South Tangerang |
||
|
Sukabumi |
||
|
Depok |
||
|
Central region |
Temanggung |
|
|
Sragen |
||
|
Pati |
||
|
Semarang |
||
|
Kudus |
||
|
East region |
Kediri |
|
|
Malang |
Data collection
The chosen
respondents were determined using a purposive sampling method based on certain
criteria. Sampling was carried out randomly among several respondents using a
snowballing system. Data collection was carried out through interviews with
respondents face to face, guided by prepared questionnaires. Interviews with
beekeepers focused on developments in production and selling prices of selected
honey for industry purposes from 2022 to 2023. Data was collected every month.
Data analysis
Data Tabulation
Data from the questionnaires were tabulated, which included data on colony
population, honey production, and the selling price of selected honey for
industry purposes. Data was analyzed
descriptively to describe honey production patterns, activities, and the price.
Data Screening
Screening data was intended to assess honey production, which met the
qualifications for being a raw material for the industry. Screening was carried out using
tabulated data on the output of each type of honey. The assessment is carried
out based on the following parameters:
1.
Honey production is relatively high and can
be increased.
2.
Honey production is relatively consistent,
and it must be sustainable.
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
FGD is intended to:
1.
Analyze honey production cost.
2.
Determine the factors influencing the selling
price.
RESULTS
Beekeeping
System
Beekeeping practices in
Sumatra differ from those in Java regarding how to keep and manage stationary
apiaries (Sumatra) and migratory (Java). The system has been established to
reach the availability of nectar and pollen according
to the flowering calendar of bee forages. The migratory system in
Java is usually done (1) to maintain colony population during the dearth period
(off-season) by placing honeybee colonies close to pollen sources, mainly corn
(Zea mays) and forms (Accacia auriculiformis)
plantations and (2) to collect honey from various species of plants by placing
honeybee colonies close to nectar plantation during each of their nectar flow
(honey season). In off season, the colonies should be fed sugar syrup to
compensate the absence of nectar. The flowering time and nectar
secretion of honey plants in Java are seasonal over a relatively short period.
Therefore, accurate timing of migration and selection of colony placement
locations are critical to maximize the honey season and produce honey. During honey season, some
plantations use pollen such as Kapok Randu (Ceiba petandra). Other trees have very limited or no pollen
in their flowers (Table 2).
Table 2. List of beeforages
as primary food source for beekeeping in Java and Sumatra
|
Number |
Beeforages |
Food Source |
Beekeeping Location |
|
|
Pollen |
Nectar |
|||
|
1. |
Kapok Randu (Ceiba petandra)
|
Yes |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
2. |
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) |
No |
Yes |
West Java |
|
3. |
Coffee (Coffea spp.) |
Yes |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
4. |
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) |
No |
Yes* |
Java |
|
5. |
Red caliandra (Calliandra
callothyrsus) |
No |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
6. |
Mangium (Accacia mangium) |
Yes** |
Yes* |
Jambi, Riau |
|
7. |
Carpa (Accacia
crassicarpa) |
Yes** |
Yes* |
Jambi, Riau |
|
8. |
Durian (Durio zibhetinus) |
Yes** |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
9. |
Manggo (Mangifera
indica) |
Yes** |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
10. |
Sono (Dalbergia latifolia) |
No |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
11. |
Wadang (Pterospermum javanicum) |
Yes** |
Yes |
East Java |
|
12. |
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) |
No |
Yes |
East Java |
|
13. |
Corn (Zea mays) |
Yes |
No |
West, Central, East java |
|
14. |
Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) |
No |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
|
15. |
Ploso (Butea monosperma) |
Yes** |
Yes |
East Java |
|
16. |
Wild morning glory (Ipomea sp.) |
Yes** |
Yes |
East Java |
|
17. |
Oil Palm Plantation (Elaeis guinensis) |
Yes |
No |
Riau, Jambi |
|
18. |
Formis (Accaica auriculiformis) |
Yes |
No |
Central Java |
|
19. |
Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) |
No |
Yes |
Central and East Java |
* = Extra floral
**= Minor source
The
main honey produced by A. mellifera honeybee colonies in Java includes
kapok, rambutan, and rubber honey. The harvest season for kapok honey is around
May-July, rubber honey around August-September, and rambutan honey around
October-November. Several types of honey can be produced outside these months,
including durian, coffee, calliandra, etc., but
mostly in relatively small quantities. The location of these relatively minor
honey sources is only found in certain areas, so it can only be accessed by local
Beekeepers.
The
Sumatra stationary
system is a more accessible beekeeping system due to low costs for transporting
the bees and providing sugar syrup. The
nectar (extra flora) is sourced from carpa plantation
(Acacia crassicarpa)
within the age of less than 2. The
pollen is coming from male flowers of oil palm plantation/OPP (Elaeis guinensis).
The selected location for the hives should be in the range of the honeybees'
foraging flight to reach carpa and OPP. Most respondents explained that they are
delighted to keep the bees in the acacia plantation forest, even though they face
some pests that are not easy to control, such as monkeys, honey bears, and
bee-eater birds.
Honey Production
The respondents described
the honey types as shown in Table 3. There are 14 monofloral
honey types from Java and 2 monofloral honey types
from Sumatra. The most demanding honey
according to several respondents of beekeepers is carpa
honey in Sumatra and kapok randu honey in Java. When
we look at the preference percentages from very high to low, there are 5 monofloral honey types: Carpa,
Kapok Randu, Rambutan, Rubber, Coffee, and Durian.
Table 3. Beekeeper
Preference on Honey Type
|
Number |
Beeforages |
% Preference |
Demand by beekeepers |
|
|
Java |
Sumatra |
|||
|
1. |
Kapok Randu (Ceiba petandra)
|
88 |
- |
High |
|
2. |
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) |
83 |
- |
High |
|
3. |
Coffee (Coffea spp.) |
38 |
- |
Low |
|
4. |
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) |
83 |
- |
High |
|
5. |
Red caliandra (Calliandra
callothyrsus) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
|
6. |
Mangium (Accacia mangium) |
- |
18 |
Very low |
|
7. |
Carpa (Accacia
crassicarpa) |
- |
100 |
Very High |
|
8. |
Durian (Durio zibhetinus) |
38 |
- |
Low |
|
9. |
Manggo (Mangifera
indica) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
|
10. |
Sono (Dalbergia latifolia) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
|
11. |
Wadang (Pterospermum javanicum) |
8 |
- |
Very low |
|
12. |
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
|
13. |
Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
|
14. |
Ploso (Butea monosperma) |
4 |
- |
Very low |
|
15. |
Wild morning glory (Ipomea sp.) |
4 |
- |
Very low |
|
16. |
Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) |
17 |
- |
Very low |
Honey production in Jambi and Riau
provinces is dominated by Carpa honey. It is produced
from extra-floral nectar secreted by the nectariferous
glands at the base of the leaves of the A. crassicarpa trees. The honey production period
in acacia areas is relatively lengthy because the nectar secretion occurs
continuously, especially in the dry season. In one year, the production period
can be between 6-8 months continuously (dry season) with honey harvesting
interval about 15-20 days and 4-6 months (rainy season) with harvesting
interval at least 30 days. The honey harvesting period is between March and
October if the local climates are favorable and are not hampered by high
rainfall. That is why the productivity of A. mellifera in acacia
plantation forest areas is relatively high, and it can be 68 kg/colony/year (Pribadi et al., 2023) .
Regions
with honey production in high demand in Java are Kapok Randu,
Rambutan, Rubber, Coffee, and Durian.
The season for kapok randu honey is between
May to July, rubber honey is between August to September, rambutan honey is
between October to November and for durian and coffee honey is between
September to October (Table 4). The
colony productivity level is around 15 kg/colony/year. This productivity is
relatively low and much lower than the productivity of colonies in Sumatra. The
low honey productivity in Java is thought to be due to the increasingly high
level of competition between beekeepers as the consequence of rapid declining
area of beeforages with high depletion rates.
Table 4. The Honey
Season for The Main Species of Bee Forages in Indonesian
|
No. |
Honey Season |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Ags |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
|
1 |
Carpa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Kapok Randu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Rubber |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Rambutan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Coffee |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Durian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
productivity of major honey sources in Indonesia is described in Figure 1. Carpa is the highest honey source with an annual honey
production of about 29 Kg/colony/year followed by kapok 5 kg/colony/year,
rubber 6 kg/colony/year, rambutan 4 Kg/colony/year, durian 0.3 Kg/colony/year,
and coffee 0.3 Kg/colony/year.
Figure 1.
Average Productivity of Major Honey Types in Indonesia
Honey For Industry and Large-Scale Distribution
After selecting the five primary honey
sources to survey, the evaluation is subjected to the type of honey that
matches for the industry purposes to understand the potential volume intake and
its sustainability of production. Table 7 shows the proportion of honey intake
for Indonesia's 5 major honey types. Carpa honey (66
%) is in the best position among honey types because of its honey season
availability throughout the year and its growing trend in more expansive use.
In contrast, all other honey types are in a downward trending position, and no
honey production may occur.
Table 5. Evaluation of the sustainability of
five major honey types in Indonesian
|
No. |
Honey |
Colony Productivity (Kg/year) |
Proportion (%) |
Trend Area |
Honey Season |
Occurrence with no honey |
Sustainability |
|
1 |
Kapok |
5 |
10 |
Down |
May – July |
Yes |
no |
|
2 |
Rubber |
6 |
14 |
Down |
Ags – Sept |
Yes |
no |
|
3 |
Rambutan |
4 |
8 |
Down |
Oct – Nov |
Yes |
no |
|
4 |
Durian |
0.3 |
1 |
Down |
Sept – Oct |
Yes |
no |
|
5 |
Coffee |
0.3 |
1 |
Down |
Sept – Oct |
Yes |
no |
|
6 |
Carpa |
29 |
66 |
Up |
Jan – Dec |
No |
yes |
Carpa honey is the
superior honey for bulk processing and large-scale distribution which will
continue to be in demand in the future of beekeeping in Indonesia, especially
from the beekeepers from Java as more colonies are operating within Java and
Sumatra. The production for carpa honey is described in Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2. Total monthly average of Accacia crassicarpa honey production produced by
all Sumatran respondents of beekeepers (Riau and Jambi)
Beekeeping with A. mellifera in
acacia plantation forests can produce carpa honey
throughout the year with an average fluctuating monthly production (Figure 2).
Monthly honey production in 2022 ranged from 26 tons (lowest total production)
to 44 tons (highest total production), or around 312 to 528 tons per year.
Monthly honey production in 2023 ranged from 25 tons (lowest total production)
to 30 tons (highest total production) or around 300 to 360 tons per year. On
average, the total production of Sumatran carpa honey
in 2022 and 2023 will be 428 tonnes and 304 tonnes, respectively. There was a decrease in production
figures during 2023 compared to the previous year. This decrease is estimated
to be due to a significant decrease in colony populations. Our respondents in
Jambi and Riau had lost their colonies in total by 1,170 and 2,230,
respectively, in 2023.
The
average monthly honey production per Beekeeper in 2022 was also found to
fluctuate, while in 2023, it tended to be flat (Figure 4). The pattern of
average production figures per beekeeper differs from the cumulative production
pattern of all respondents in Figure 2. The production pattern was relatively
high at the beginning of the year (January) with total production of around
1.05 tons/beekeeper, then gradually decreased slightly until April, reaching an
average of around 0.95 tons/Beekeeper. In May, average monthly production began
to increase sharply, with the highest peak in July. In the following months,
the average monthly production began to decline, with the lowest production
levels occurring in the last 2 months at the end of the year when rainfall
became more intense in the rainy season. Throughout 2022, the highest average
honey production figure per Beekeeper reached 1.45 tonnes
in July and the lowest in October, around 0.85 tonnes.
Meanwhile,
in 2023 the highest average monthly production figure only reached around 0.9 tonnes, which occured in March
and the lowest occured in June around 0.68 tonnes. The average colony productivity figures in Jambi
and Riau were 35.95 kg/colony/year and 22.1 kg/colony/year. Overall, the
average colony productivity in Sumatra is 29 kg/colony/year.
Figure 4. Monthly average of Accacia crassicarpa honey production per
respondent of beekeeper from Riau and Jambi
Carpa honey
has a characteristic brownish color. Based on the Pfund
Honey Color Guide, Carpa
honey is in the amber color category with a color intensity of
around 102 mm Pfund. In general, the content of carpa
honey is not much different from honey, except that this honey has a relatively
high free acid content (Ishak, 2018; Suhesti et al., 2023) .
Production
Cost
Table 1 shows the production cost of carpa honey derived from data from a prominent respondent
who managed apiaries of A. mellifera
honeybee colonies in Riau provinces and previously in Jambi. The production
cost for 1 kg carpa honey is about IDR 20,877 with
the condition of 400 hives per location per one worker, the neighbor apiary
distance is 2 km away, with 60 kg of production per year per colony, and 5%
production lost.
Table 6. The Cost Production
Calculation from The Focus Group Discussion
|
No. |
Description |
Unit name |
Volume |
Price Per Volume Unit (IDR*) |
Total (4x5) |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
I. |
Cost |
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
Workers |
MP*) |
12 |
5,000,000 |
60,000,000 |
|
2. |
Harvesting Works |
HP*) |
16 |
2,400,000 |
38,400,000 |
|
3. |
Fee for harvesting |
Kg |
24,000 |
4,000 |
96,000,000 |
|
4. |
Packaging |
Kg |
24,000 |
1,400 |
33,600,000 |
|
5. |
Materials, Fuel, and Supplies |
Month |
12 |
2,000,000 |
24,000,000 |
|
6. |
Monthly Equipment support |
Month |
12 |
2,000,000 |
24,000,000 |
|
7. |
Budget allocation for Bee colonies per year **) |
Hives |
400 |
500,000 |
200,000,000 |
|
|
Total Cost |
|
|
|
476,000,000 |
|
II. |
Honey Production Cost Calculation per Kg |
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
Total production (5 kg/month x 12 month x 400 hives) |
Kg |
24,000 |
- |
- |
|
2. |
Production lost (5% x 24.000 Kg) |
Kg |
1,200 |
- |
- |
|
3. |
Net Production (24,000 Kg – 1,200 Kg) |
Kg |
22,800 |
- |
- |
|
|
Honey Production Cost per Kg (IDR 476,000,000 :
22,800 Kg) |
IDR |
|
|
20,877 |
*) MP = Monthly Person
HP =
Harvesting Person
IDR = Indonesian Rupiah
**) The economic price of the bee colony is IDR 1,500,000 with 3 years of
economic usage
Price
The price of
carpa honey at the beekeeper level was found to
fluctuate. The study leads up to the end of the Covid-19 pandemic (2022) and
after the Covid-19 pandemic (2023) and shows a downward trend. The result of the carpa
honey price in the research locations (Riau and Jambi) is presented in Figure 1.
Respondents reported prices exclusive of VAT. The price of honey varied between
months. In 2022, the price tends to decrease from month to month, with an
annual average of around IDR 27,000 to IDR 31,000 per kg and about IDR
28,000/Kg on average. Meanwhile, in 2023, the price of honey tends to be stable
at a price in the range of IDR 22,000 to IDR 24,000 per kg, with an average
price of IDR 22,400 per kg.
In general,
the price of carpa honey until October 2023 is lower
than the previous year’s price. However, recently there has been a slight
increase in prices as seen in the graph for October 2023. This increase is
thought to be related to the re-emergence of cases of exposure to Covid 19,
which are increasing again. This has an impact on growing demand for honey, and
however, at the same time, acacia honey production is lower than the previous
year, which has also caused prices to increase.
Figure 1. The average monthly price of Accacia crassicarpa honey
Discussion
Indonesia officially entered a COVID-19 pandemic emergency in early March
2020 after the President declared the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Public Health
Emergency through Presidential Decree Number 11 of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic
lasted 3 years before it ceased and changed to endemic status in June 2023
(Presidential Decree number 17 of 2023). In the early days of Covid-19, demand
for honey products increased sharply
Beekeeping with A.
mellifera is substantially
different from stationary beekeeping in Sumatra, and migratory beekeeping in
Java, and such forms of beekeeping have an impact on production systems,
production volumes, types of honey produced, and various accompanying aspects,
including marketing patterns, commodity prices, etc. These differences are influenced
by the local environment, especially the availability of bee forages, which is
the primary support for colony development and sustainability.
As for the best type of honey for growing the industry, as shown in Tables
5 and 7, among the 15 honey type options, 5 major honey types are more
favorable for beekeepers, but it is only 1 honey type (carpa
honey) which is the best honey type for the industry. The production sustainability and the high
quantity of carpa honey are keys to addressing Accacia crassicarpa
use in Sumatra as the main honey source in Indonesia that can promote in
managing the peat area as the eco-business ecosystem.
Beekeeping with Acacia crassicarpa in
Sumatra can be developed on a large-scale basis given the availability of
industrial forest plantations to produce wood and the nearby pulp and paper
industry (APRIL, 2017). Throughout Sumatra, it is
estimated that the area of planted forests is around 4 million hectares, 65% of
which are acacia plantations, most of which are in the provinces of Riau,
Jambi, and South Sumatra (BPS 2022). Acacia provides extrafloral nectar
secreted continuously from each young leaf
Additionally, attacks by mites (Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae)
continue to affect every bee colony throughout the year. The number of A.
mellifera honeybee colonies in Riau and Jambi according to several
beekeepers is around 45,000 colonies and 15,000, respectively (Gunarto, Budiman, Adi Pradana,
personal communication). This represents a decrease from the previous number,
namely in 2021, which reached 125,000 colonies in Riau and 45,000 colonies in
Jambi.
The productivity of bee forage in Sumatra is generally high. This can be
seen from the level of colony productivity in Sumatra, which averages around 29
kg/colony/year. This level of productivity is relatively high when compared
with the level of colony productivity in Argentina, one of the largest honey
exporting countries in the world and number 1 in South America, which
nationally averages 25 kg/colony/year
During the Covid-19 pandemic, honey maintained a key role in society as a
food supplement for immunomodulation. This occurred especially at the beginning
of the pandemic when means of prevention and treatment were still scarce and
difficult to obtain. At such times, honey was seen as an alternative means to
help strengthen the body's immune system to prevent transmission and help speed
up the healing process
From the results of our analysis through the FGD (Focus Group Discussion)
forum, several factors were identified that influence the selling price of
honey, one of which is the cost of production. However, the influence is
classified as medium. Other factors that influence this are market size (high),
productivity (medium), interaction with consumers (medium), psychology
(medium), production abundance (low), and business competition (low). Thus, the
average price of IDR 25,200 is the equilibrium level for the honey price in the
market for industrial use. In personal
communications during the interview and FGD sessions, the willingness to sell
from beekeepers and buy from middlemen and processors were equally important. Such demand dynamics are also essential in
the high season of honey production. Based on production cost data from one of
the large beekeepers in Riau (Sunoto, personal
communication), the production cost for acacia carpa
honey is IDR 20,877 (Table 6). Thus,
despite competition among beekeepers to sell their honey, they can still profit
from their operations.
The results of this study illustrate that acacia carpa
honey has the potential to expand honey distribution, enter further on an
industrial scale, and expand to export markets. Several factors inherent in the
development and production patterns of carpa honey
are supportive to industry growth if improvements and efficiency efforts are
made. These factors are: (1) the production capacity of carpa
honey is very large considering that the carpa
plantation forest area in Indonesia is enormous, reaching 5 million hectares so
that it can guarantee production volume requirements; (2) the production period
for acacia honey can last throughout the year so that it can guarantee
continuity, supply of honey raw materials, (3) the price of acacia honey is
such that it may be able to compete in the international market as an export
commodity. For this reason, improvements are needed in several areas, including
colony management, apiary management, production management, marketing
management, and increasing the capacity of beekeepers and other beekeeping
businesses. Efficiency efforts in production and post-harvest management are no
less important so that the prices formed can genuinely compete in national and
international markets.
CONCLUSION
The research concludes beekeeping with Apis mellifera in Indonesia may pose opportunities to become a more
significant market participant in industrial honey production because the carpa honey (Accacia crasicarpa) from Sumatra region has high productivity,
an upward trend in bee colony population, and the capacity for sustainable
production. The price of carpa honey from the research period ranged from IDR 22,000
to IDR 31,000 with an average of IDR 25,200.
The COVID-19 pandemic propelled demand and signaled readiness in the
Indonesian honey industry, which can further be channeled through the
production and promotion of carpa honey.
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Copyright holder: Didik B. Purwanto, Kuntadi, Yelin Adalina, Araz Meilin, Rika Raffiudin, Muhamad Sahlan (2024) |
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