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Application*of*Differentiated*Pedagogy*to*Increase*

Students*Ecoliteracy*in*Social*Studies*Learning*

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INTRODUCTION!

K-%5-@</"-G5-8%<7%,%F#,;5%LH5/5%#<@<-4%;/5,8./57%#<@5%8H,8% H,7%M55-%;/5,85=%M0%D"=%<-% "-5%5/,%8"%

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5-@</"-G5-8$% C"L5@5/(% M5H<-=% 8H5% @,78-577% "9% 8H5% #<@<-4% 5-@</"-G5-8(% 8H5/5% <7% M5H,@<"/% 8H,8% #,;A7%

;"-;5/-% 9"/% 8H5% #<@<-4% 5-@</"-G5-8(% LH<;H% ;,.757% <87% ;"-=<8<"-% 8"% M5;"G5% <-;/5,7<-4#0% L"//0<-4%

(Doménech et al., 2023; Jacobs & Perez, 2023; Radhouane et al., 2022)$%NH5/5%,/5%<-=55=%#,/45%O.,-8<8<57%

"9%/57"./;57%<-%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%,/".-=%.7(%M.8%L5%955#%,%7;,/;<80%"9%-,8./,#%/57"./;57%=.5%8"%5P;577<@5%

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/57"./;5%9"/%8H5%#<95%"9%#<@<-4% ;/5,8./57(%L5%-55=%<8%8"%M/5,8H5(%"-#0%LH5-%8H5/5%<7%,</%F"##.8<"-%M5;,.75%<8%

<7%F"##.85=%="%L5%M5;"G5%,L,/5%"9%8H<7%LH5-%,%=<7,785/%";;./7%Q:,78/,L<Y,0,(%1&&ZW$%

NH5%/"#5%"9%8H5%B-="-57<,-%D"@5/-G5-8%8H/".4H%8H5%6<-<78/0%"9%8H5%>-@</"-G5-8(%<-%F,/8<;.#,/%

H,7%M55-%8"%8/0%8"%7,@5%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%<-%8H5%;".-8/0(%H"L5@5/(%8H5%@<7<"-%,-=%G<77<"-%<-%599"/87%8"%

7,@5% 8H5% 5-@</"-G5-8% "985-% H,@5% 8"% ;#,7H% L<8H% 8H5% <-85/5787% "9% -,8<"-,#% =5@5#"FG5-8% LH<;H% ,<G7% ,8%

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45-5/,85%<-;"G5%9"/%8H5%D"@5/-G5-8(%5@5-%8H".4H%8H5/5%7H".#=%M5%70-5/40%M58L55-%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%

,-=%5;"-"G<;%#<95%8"%9"/G%,%4""=%#<95$%B8%<7%-"8%Y.78<9<5=%8"%=578/"0%"./%-,8./,#%5#5G5-87T%L5%G.78%F/575/@5%

7"G5%/5F/575-8,8<@5%-,8./,#%5#5G5-87%7"%8H,8%<-%8H5%9.8./5(%L5%;,-%.75%8H5G%7"G5=,0%Q:,78/,L<Y,0,(%

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F/"@<=5=%L<8H%/.MM<7H%M<-7%,8%75@5/,#%F"<-87%L<8H%@,/<".7%80F57%"9%/.MM<7H%M<-7(%78.=5-87]%;"-;5/-%9"/%

8H5%7;H""#%5-@</"-G5-8%<7%78<##%;"-7<=5/5=%8"%M5%#,;A<-4%<7%F/"@5-%M0%8H5%9,;8%8H,8%8H5/5%<7%78<##%/.MM<7H%

.-=5/%8,M#57%,-=%,/".-=%8H5%/""G$%\#,77%,7%,%/57.#8%"9%75@5/,#%78.=5-87%<-%5,;H%;#,77%-"8%;,//0<-4%".8%

;#,77%F<;A587%5@5/0%=,0(%8H5-%7,-<8,/0(%LH<;H% <7%78<##%@<7<M#5%<-%75@5/,#%L"G5-]7%4/,99<8<%<-%8H5%G5-]7%8"<#58%

,-=%75@5/,#%8,M#57%<-%8H5%;#,77$%>@5-%8H".4H%/5G<-=5/7%,/5%F/"@<=5=%".87<=5%8H5%;#,77/""G%,8%7;H""#(%

5@5/0%6"-=,0%;5/5G"-0%<7%,#L,07%/5G<-=5=%"9%<-%8H5%G,-=,85%,-=%,--".-;5G5-8$%B-%8H5%9,;<#<8<57%,-=%

<-9/,78/.;8./5(%8H5/5%,/5%G,-0%"/4,-<;%,-=%<-"/4,-<;%L,785%M<-7%,@,<#,M#5%8"%G,<-8,<-%;#5,-#<-577%,-=%

H5,#8HT%,%7<-A%H,7%M55-%F/"@<=5=%8"%L,7H%0"./%H,-=7%M59"/5%,-=%,985/%;,//0<-4%".8%,-0%,;8<@<80%M5;,.75%

LH5-%0".%8".;H%7"G58H<-4(%<8%<7%7.7F5;85=%8H,8%8H5/5%L<##%M5%M,;85/<,%8H,8%H,@5%8H5%F"85-8<,#%8"%;,.75%

=<75,75$%

^H<#5% 5P<78<-4% 78.=<57% H,@5% 5PF#"/5=% 8H5% <-85/75;8<"-% "9% 5-@</"-G5-8,#% ;"-75/@,8<"-% ,-=%

5=.;,8<"-,#%<-78<8.8<"-7(%"./%/575,/;H%78,-=7%".8%=.5%8"%<87%9";.75=%5P,G<-,8<"-%"9%8H5%7F5;<9<;%,88<8.=57%

,-=% M5H,@<"/7% "9% 85,;H5/7% ,-=% 78.=5-87% ,8% :63% )545/<% _% \<G,H<% Q3.M#<;% +.-<"/% C<4H% 7;H""#W$% ?-#<A5%

M/",=5/%7./@507(%"./%78.=0%=5#@57%<-8"%8H5%.-<O.5%;H,##5-457%,-=%"FF"/8.-<8<57%L<8H<-%8H<7%F,/8<;.#,/%

7;H""#%;"GG.-<80(%,@"<=<-4%8H5%"@5/7<4H8%"9%<-=<@<=.,#%-.,-;57%Q`,/,A(%1&1'T%),a,/<%58%,#$(%1&1ST%3,-%

58% ,#$(% 1&1SW$% ^5% ,<G% 8"% M/<=45% 8H5% 4,F% M58L55-%5-@</"-G5-8,#%;"-;5/-7%,-=% 8H5% B-="-57<,-% 7;H""#%

70785G(%5PF#"/<-4%5;"b#<85/,;0%,-=%5-@</"-G5-8,#%;,/5%L<8H<-%:63%)545/<%_%\<G,H<$%NH<7%/575,/;H%755A7%

8"%.-;"@5/%<-7<4H87%9"/%8,/4585=%<-85/@5-8<"-7%,-=%5=.;,8<"-,#%78/,854<57$%K==<8<"-,##0(%<8%4"57%M50"-=%

"M75/@<-4%5-@</"-G5-8,#%-54#5;8%M0%<=5-8<90<-4%.-=5/#0<-4%9,;8"/7%<-9#.5-;<-4%8H5%7;H""#%;"GG.-<80]7%

5-@</"-G5-8,#%,88<8.=57%QU,H,0.%58%,#$(%1&1ST%:"9<-,8.-(%1&1ST%:8"85-(%1&1SW$%NH/".4H%5P,G<-<-4%8H5%

<-85/F#,0%M58L55-%5=.;,8<"-,#%F/,;8<;57(%;"GG.-<80%5-4,45G5-8(%,-=%5-@</"-G5-8,#% ;"-7;<".7-577(%

"./%78.=0%F/"@<=57%,%-.,-;5=%.-=5/78,-=<-4%8"%<-9"/G%8,<#"/5=%,FF/",;H57%9"/%9"785/<-4%,%;.#8./5%"9%

5-@</"-G5-8,#%/57F"-7<M<#<80%L<8H<-%8H5%7;H""#$%C5,#8H0(%5-@</"-G5-8,##0%M,75=%=5@5#"FG5-8%;,-%4/"L%

,-=% =5@5#"F% <-% #<-5% L<8H% F#,--<-4$% E5@5#"FG5-8(% <-% 45-5/,#(% G.78% M5% ,M#5% 8"% ;"@5/% 8H5% -55=7% ,-=%

;,F,M<#<8<57%"9%8H5%-,8<"-%Q`/,G(%1&*'W$%

B-% 5775-;5(% ,% ;#5,-(% H5,#8H0(% ,-=% 7H,=0% #<@<-4% 5-@</"-G5-8% G,A57% #5,/-<-4% ,8% 7;H""#% G"/5%

;"G9"/8,M#5%,-=%G"/5%5-8H.7<,78<;$%c-;5%,4,<-(%8H,8%<7%LH,8%G ,= 5%G5%<-85/5785=%<-%;,//0<-4%".8%8H<7%

/575,/;H%M5;,.75%8H5%<77.5%"9%5;"%#<85/,;0%<7%-"8%"-#0%8H5%="G,<-%"9%8H5%=5F.80%F/<-;<F,#%<-%G,-,45G5-8%

M.8%<7%,%7H,/5=%/57F"-7<M<#<80%"9%8H5%7;H"" #%;"GG.-<80(%57F5;<,##0%,7%<8%;,-%M5%#<-A5=%8"%7";<,#%78.=<57%

#5,/-<-4%LH<;H%F/<"/<8<a57%;"-;5/-%9"/%<-85/,;8<"-%M58L55-%7F,;57%LH<;H%;,-%M/<-4%M5-59<87%8"%,##$%

METHODS,

, NH5%/575,/;H%G58H"=%.75=%L ,7%,;8<"-%/575,/;H%L<8H%,%S%;0;#5%*1%,;8<"-$%B-%8H<7%78.=0(%/575,/;H5/7%

,885GF85=%8"%"M8,<-%=,8,%9/"G%8H5%9<5#=%<-%;0;#57%"/%"MY5;87%8H/".4H%"M75/@,8<"-%,-=%<-85/@<5L7%L<8H%

F,/8<;<F,-87% M0% ,7A<-4% O.578<"-7% /5#,85=% 8"% 5;"b#<85/,;0(% 5;"% F5=,4"40(% ,-=% 7;H""#% 5-@</"-G5-8,#%

G,-,45G5-8$%NH5%<-9"/G,8<"-%"M8,<-5=%M0%8H5%F,/8<;<F,-87%<7%8H5-%;"##5;85=%,-=%,-,#0a5=$%`"4=,-%,-=%

N,0#"L%6"#5"-4(%Q*ZdZW%=59<-5%,%O.,#<8,8<@5%,FF/",;H%,7%/575,/;H%8H,8%F/"=.;57%=,8,%<-% 8H5%9"/G%"9%"/,#%

,-=%L/<885-%=,8,%9/"G%@,/<".7% 7.MY5;87% ,-=% "MY5;87%"9%"M75/@,M#5%M5H,@<"/$%65,-LH<#5(%,;;"/=<-4% 8"%

\/57L5##%Q1&*eW(%O.,#<8,8<@5%/575,/;H%<7%,<G5=%,8%=5@5#"F<-4%8H5"/<57%8H,8%,/5%F,/8<,#%,-=%-"8%7.<8,M#5%

9"/%;5/8,<-%F"F.#,8<"-7%"/%7,GF#57(%"/%5P<78<-4%8H5"/<57%8H,8%,/5%-"8%,M#5%8"%7H"L%8H5%;"GF#5P<80%"9%8H5%

F/"M#5G$%

% NH5%/5,7"-% /575,/;H5/7%.75% ;#,77/""G% ,;8<"-% /575,/;H% "/%,;8<"-% /575,/;H% <7%8H,8%/575,/;H5/7%

/5,##0%L,-8%8"%78.=0%=,8,%<-%,%=57;/<F8<@5%9"/G%9/"G%8H5%/57.#87%"9%,;8<"-%/575,/;H%L<8H%75@5/,#%;0;#57%

!<@A5<4@?H<48,0H95<48,HI,"HJ?48,"A5K?JA,4<7,1A6A45J:(%%

X,//,7%X,=#.//,HG,-

(%),-,%:.F/<,8-,

(%)5<-0%U,8G,-<-47<H

!0""1 3,45%+2)%

8H,8%L<##%M5%F/575-85=%<-%8H5%9"/G%"9%=57;/<F8<"-7%"/%L"/=7$%NH5%/575,/;H%,<G7% 8"% <-@578<4,8<-4% 5;"b

#<85/,;0%85,;H<-4%,-=%#5,/-<-4%,;8<@<8<57%,8%:63%)545/<%_%\<G,H<%M5;,.75%<8%5GFH,7<a57%,%;"##,M"/,8<@5%

,-=%<85/,8<@5%,FF/",;H$%K7%8H5%78.=0%,<G7%8"%M/<-4%,M".8%<GF/"@5G5-87%<-%5;"b#<85/,;0%F/,;8<;57(%8H5%

;0;#<;,#%-,8./5%"9%,;8<"-%/575,/;H%,#<4-7%L5##%L<8H%8H5%-55=%9"/%;"-8<-.".7%/59#5;8<"-%,-=%/59<-5G5-8$%

NH<7% G58H"="#"40% ,##"L7% 9"/% ,;8<@5% 5-4,45G5-8% L<8H% 85,;H5/7(% 78.=5-87(% ,-=% 8H5% 7;H""#% ;"GG.-<80(%

9"785/<-4%,%F,/8<;<F,8"/0%F/";577%8H,8%<7%L5##b7.<85=%8"%5PF#"/5%8H5%=0-,G<;%,-=%5@"#@<-4%-,8./5%"9%5;"b

#<85/,;0%<-%8H5%;"-85P8%"9%7";<,#%78.=<57%5=.;,8<"-$%

RESULTS.

% NH5% /575,/;H% .75=% ,% ;#,77% <-% !BB% X% +.-<"/% C<4H% :;H""#% _% \<G,H<$% `,75=% "-% 8H5% /57.#87% "9%

"M75/@,8<"-7(%8H5%85,;H5/%"-#0%.757%8H5%#5;8./5%G58H"=%<-%5,;H%G558<-4$%N5,;H5/7%/5,##0%="G<-,85%8H5%

#5,/-<-4%F/";577%,-=%="%-"8%F/"@<=5%"FF"/8.-<8<57%9"/%78.=5-87%8"%=5@5#"F%8H5</%A-"L#5=45%,-=%5PF#"/5%

8H5</% ,M<#<8<57% ,-=% ="% -"8% <-;#.=5% 5#5G5-87% "9% 5;"#<85/,;0% ,8% ,##(% -,G5#0% 5-7./<-4% ;#5,-#<-577% <-% 8H5%

;#,77/""G%M"8H%M59"/5%,-=%,985/%M/5,A%8<G57$%NH5%78.=5-87]%/5,;8<"-7%@,/<5=(%7"G5%L5/5%;"-;5-8/,8<-4%

"-%#<785-<-4(%7"G5%L5/5%-"<70%,-=%5-4/"775=%<-%8H5</%"L-%,;8<@<8<57%7.;H%,7% 5,8<-4%<-%;#,77%8"%9<-<7H%8H5</%

G5,#%=./<-4%M/5,A%8<G5%M5;,.75%8H50%H,=%-"8%9<-<7H5=(%L"/A<-4%"-%F/5@<".7%#5,/-<-4%,77<4-G5-87%8H,8%

H,=%-"8%M55-%;"GF#585=%"/%F#,0<-4%L<8H%8H5</%;#,77G,857$%:5@5/,#%8<G57%8H5%85,;H5/%8/<5=%8"%/5G<-=%8H5%

78.=5-87%8"%/5G,<-%;,#G%,-=%F,0%,885-8<"-%8"%LH,8%H5%L,7%5PF#,<-<-4(%M.8%8H5%78.=5-87%"-#0%"M505=%8H5%

L,/-<-4%9"/%,%95L%G<-.857(%8H5-%8H50%M5;,G5%-"<70%,4,<-%,-=%=<=%-"8%F,0%,885-8<"-%8"%8H5%85,;H5/$%

% B-% 8H5% <GF#5G5-8,8<"-% "9% ;0;#5% *% LH<;H% 9";.757% "-% 8H5% A-"L#5=45% ,7F5;8$% NH5% M,7<7% 9"/% 8H<7%

/575,/;H%<7%8H5%/575,/;H5/]7%=<7;"G9"/8%LH5-%;"-=.;8<-4%"M75/@,8<"-7%<-%;#,77%!BB%X%,8%:63%)545/<%_%

\<G,H<$%NH5%/575,/;H5/7%9".-=%8H,8%78.=5-87% =<=% -"8%H,@5%;"-;5/-% ,-=%5GF,8H0% 9"/%7.78,<-,M<#<80%<-%

8H5</% 7;H""#% 5-@</"-G5-8(% 57F5;<,##0% <-% 8H5</% ;#,77/""G% ;"-=<8<"-7$% 6.H,<G<-% Q1&*_W% /5@5,#5=% 8H,8%

<-85##<45-8%78.=5-87%,/5%78.=5-87%LH"%.-=5/78,-=%8H5%;"-85P8%"9%8H5G75#@57%,-=%8H5</%7F,;5(%;,//0%".8%

,=,F8,8<"-%,7%,%#<95#"-4%F/";577(%G,A5%7F,;5%,%F#,;5%8"%78,-=%,-=%,%G<//"/%9"/%M5H ,@<-4%<-%H,/G"-0%L<8H%

8H5%@,/<".7%;"GF#5P%,-=%.-#<G<85=%=0-,G<;7%"9%8H5</%#<@57$%

% B-%8H5%<GF#5G5-8,8<"-%"9%9</78%;0;#5(%78.=5-87%,/5%<-@<85=%8"%9<-=%".8%7"G5%"9%8H5%;"-75O.5-;57%"9%

,;8<"-7%8H,8%H,@5%M55-%;,//<5=%".8%M0%7";<580%<-%=,<#0%#<95$%KFF#<;,8<"-%"9%=<995/5-8<,85=%5;"#<85/,;0% <-%

7";<,#%78.=<57%#5,/-<-4$%:8.=5-87%,/5%G,=5%<-8"%4/".F7%8H,8%7.<8%8H5</%#5,/-<-4%780#5%M0%,//,-4<-4%8H5</%

7<88<-4%F"7<8<"-7%8"%9,;5%5,;H%"8H5/%L<8H%8H5</%4/".F%G5GM5/7$%NH5-%8H5%/575,/;H5/%F/"@<=57%8"F<;7%8H,8%

,/5%/5#,85=%8"%5-@</"-G5-8,#%F/"M#5G7$%

% NH<7% <7% <-% ,;;"/=,-;5% L<8H% LH,8% C,7,-% Q1&*1W% 78,85=% 8H,8% 8H5/5% ,/5% d% Q5<4H8W% 7";<,#% 78.=<57%

#5,/-<-4%"MY5;8<@57(%<-;#.=<-42%

*$%E5@5#"F%78.=5-87]%,M<#<8<57%8"%8H<-A%;H/"-"#"4<;,##0(%;/<8<;,##0%,-=%;/5,8<@5#0$%

1$%`.<#=%7";<,#%,L,/5-577%<-%78.=5-87%

S$%`.<#=%H"-5780(%H,/=%L"/A%,-=%/57F"-7<M<#<80%<-%78.=5-87%

'$%E5@5#"F%;./<"7<80%

_$%E5@5#"F%H5/"<;%,-=%#5,=5/7H<F%@,#.57%,-=%,88<8.=57%

e$%E5@5#"F%;"GG.-<;,8<"-%7A<##7%

I$%E5@5#"F%8H5%,M<#<80%8"%75,/;H(%F/";577(%F,;A,45%,-=%;"GG.-<;,85%<-9"/G,8<"-$%

% B-%8H5%#5,/-<-4%F/";577%<-%;#,77(%8H5%85,;H5/%F/"@<=57%8"F<;7%/5#,85=%8"%8H5%7;H""#%5-@</"-G5-8(%

M5;,.75% <-% 8H<7% /575,/;H% <8% <7% M,75=% "-% 5;"#<85/,;0% 7"% 8H5% 85,;H5/% 8/<57% 8"% ;"--5;8% <8% L<8H% #<95% ,-=%

;"-=<8<"-7%,8%7;H""#$%6,A5%;"--5;8<"-7%M58L55-%5P<78<-4%/5,#%F/"M#5G7%<-%8H5%7;H ""#%5-@</"-G5-8%7"%

8H,8%<8%;,-%M.<#=%78.=5-87]%A-"L#5=45%,M".8%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%LH<;H%<7%;#"75#0%/5#,85=%8"%7";<,#%78.=<57%

G,85/<,#%/54,/=<-4%B-="-57<,]7%-,8./,#%;"-=<8<"-7%L<8H%8H5%3_%F/"Y5;8$%

% U575,/;H5/7% "M8,<-5=% =,8,% .7<-4% 8578% <-78/.G5-87(% 8H5% =,8,% /575,/;H5/7% "M8,<-5=% L5/5% ,7%

9"##"L72%

!<@A5<4@?H<48,0H95<48,HI,"HJ?48,"A5K?JA,4<7,1A6A45J:%% H88F72[[<Y77/$/<=L,-<-78<8.85$;"$<=[%

!0""1,3,45%+2'%

F4MA8,+N,FA6@,!<6@59;A<@6,

*78%\0;#5%

:;"/5%

*78%,;8%

1-=%,;8%

S/=%,;8%

'8H%,;8%

_8H%,;8%

S1(1e%f%

'd(SZ%f%

e'(_1%f%

dS(dI%f%

*&&%f%

X/"G%8H5%=,8,%,M"@5%<-%8H5%*78%,;8<"-%L<8H%,-%,M<#<80%4,<-%"9%S1$1ef(%<8% 7H"L7%8H,8%8H5%A-"L#5=45%

,M<#<8<57%"9%78.=5-87%<-%;#,77%!BB%X%,/5%-"8%<-%#<-5%L<8H%LH,8%8H5%/575,/;H5/7%5PF5;85=$%R<A5L<75(%LH5-%

<GF#5G5-8<-4%8H5%75;"-=%,;8<"-(%=,8,%L,7%"M8,<-5=%,8%'d$SZf$%NH<7%7H"L7%8H,8%8H5/5%<7%,-%<-;/5,75%<-%

78.=5-87]%,M<#<80%4,<-7(%M.8%8H575%4,<-7%,/5%78<##%M5#"L%78,-=,/=$%

NH5%#"L%/57.#87%9/"G%,;8<"-7%*%,-=%1%,/5%.-=5/78,-=,M#5%M5;,.75%8H50%,/5%<-9#.5-;5=%M0%75@5/,#%

9,;8"/7(% 7.;H% ,7% 78.=5-87% -"8% M5<-4% .75=% 8"% #5,/-<-4% L<8H% =<995/5-8<,85=% 5;"#<85/,;0$% E<995/5-8<,85=%

5;"#<85/,;0bM,75=% #5,/-<-4% 8H,8% <7% ;"--5;85=% 8"% 5-@</"-G5-8,#% F/"M#5G7% <7% -"8% 058% .-=5/78""=% M0%

78.=5-87$%

NH5%S/=%,;8<"-%"M8,<-5=%,-%<-;/5,75%"9%e'$_1f$%NH<7%F5/;5-8,45%7H"L7%,-%<-;/5,75%<-%78.=5-87]%

7A<##7%<-%8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8%;"GF,/5=%8"%F/5@<".7%,;8<"-7$%B-%8H<7%8H</=%,;8<"-(%78.=5-87%,/5%4588<-4%.75=%8"%

#5,/-<-4%L<8H%=<995/5-8<,85=%5;"#<85/,;0%<-%;#,77%,-=%".87<=5%"9%;#,77%LH<;H%<7%;"--5;85=%8"%5-@</"-G5-8,#%

F/"M#5G7$%

65,-LH<#5(%8H5%9"./8H%,;8<"-%"M8,<-5=%,%F5/;5-8,45%"9%dS$dIf$%NH<7%7H"L7%8H,8%8H5%78.=5-87]%

,M<#<8<57%<-%8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8%,/5%<-%,;;"/=,-;5%L<8H%LH,8%<7%5PF5;85=$%B-%8H5%9"./8H%,;8<"-(%78.=5-87%;,-%

,=,F8%8"%=<995/5-8<,85=%5;"#<85/,;0%#5,/-<-4(%LH<;H%<7%F,/8%"9%F/"Y5;8bM,75=%#5,/-<-4$%B-%8H5%_8H%,;8<"-(%,%

F5/;5-8,45%"9%*&&f%L,7%"M8,<-5=(%LH<;H%7H"L7%8H,8% ,##%78.=5-87%,#/5,=0%H,@5%5;"#"4<;,#%<-85##<45-;5%<-%

8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8$%

`,75=%"-%8H5%/57.#87%"9%8H5%75;"-=%;0;#5%"9%/575,/;H(%<-%LH<;H%'%,;8<"-7%L5/5%;,//<5=%".8(%8H5%

/575,/;H5/%"M8,<-5=%=,8,%.7<-4%,%O.578<"--,</5%<-78/.G5-8(%8H5%7;"/5%=,8,%8H,8%8H5% /575,/;H5/%"M8,<-5=%

L5/5%,7%9"##"L72%

F4MA8,$N,O9A6@?H<<4?5A,!<6@59;A<@,

:;"/5%

1-=%\0;#5%%

e8H%,;8%

I8H%,;8%

d8H%,;8%

Z8H%,;8%

*I11(_%

*I&e(_%

*I'd('%

*d1&(&%

% B-%8H5%e8H%,;8<"-(%8H5%7;"/5% "M8,<-5=% L,7% O.<85% H<4H(% M.8% 8H5% /575,/;H5/% =5;<=5=% 8"% ;,//0% ".8%

9./8H5/%/575,/;H$%B-%<GF#5G5-8<-4%8H5%I8H%,;8<"-(%8H5%7;"/5%L,7%*I&e$_$%NH5%/57.#8<-4%7;"/5%<-%8H<7%I8H%

,;8<"-%,;8.,##0% =5;/5,75=% ;"GF,/5=%8"% 8H5% 7;"/5% "M8,<-5=% <-% 8H5% F/5@<".7% ,;8<"-(%7"%8H5% /575,/;H5/7%

;"-7<=5/5=%8H,8% 8H5%I8H%,;8<"-%5PF5/<5-;5=%,%758M,;A%<-%8H5%<GF#5G5-8,8<"-%"9%;0;#5%BB$%:"%8H5/5%G.78%M5%

<GF/"@5G5-87%<-%8H5%-5P8%,;8<"-$%

)5P8(%<-%8H5%d8H%,;8<"-(%,%7;"/5%"9%*I'd$'%L,7%"M8,<-5=%9/"G%8H5%;,#;.#,8<"-%"9%8H5%O.578<"--,</5%

8H,8% H,=% M55-% =57<4-5=% ,-=% 9<##5=% <-% M0% 5,;H% 78.=5-8$% NH5% 9<-,#% 7;"/5% "9% 8H5% d8H% ,;8<"-% <-;/5,75=%

;"GF,/5=%8"%8H5%I8H%,;8<"-%LH<;H%,;8.,##0%=5;/5,75=$%C"L5@5/(%/575,/;H5/7%L<##%78<##%;,//0%".8%8H5%Z8H%

,;8<"-%8"%5-7./5%8H,8%78.=5-87]%5;"#<85/,;0%<-85##<45-;5%<-%8H5%,88<8.=5%,7F5;8%L<##%;"-8<-.5%8"%<-;/5,75$%

NH5% Z8H% ,;8<"-% "M8,<-5=% ,% 9<-,#% 7;"/5% "9% *d1&$&$% >;"#<85/,;0% <-85##<45-;5% <-% 8H5% ,88<8.=5% "/%

,L,/5-577%,7F5;8%L<8H%,%7;"/5%"9%*d1&$&%G5,-7%8H,8%78.=5-87%,#/5,=0%H,@5%8H5%,88<8.=5%,-=%,L,/5-577%

8"%#"@5%8H5</%5-@</"-G5-8%G"/5$%

NH5% /575,/;H5/% "M8,<-5=% =,8,% .7<-4% ,% O.578<"--,</5% <-78/.G5-8(% /54,/=<-4% 5;"#"4<;,#%

<-85##<45-;5% <-% 8H5% ,88<8.=5% "/% ,L,/5-577% ,7F5;8$% NH5% /575,/;H5/% M"//"L5=% "F<-<"-7% 9/"G% :.F/<,8-,%

Q1&*eW%LH"%5PF#,<-5=%8H,8%5;"#<85/,;0%<-85##<45-;5%<7%,#7"%M,75=%"-%8H5%,995;8<@5%,7F5;8%LH<;H%;"-7<787%

"9%5#5G5-87%"9%5G"8<"-%"/%955#<-4(%,L,/5-577%Q,L,/5-577W%,-=%5GF,8H0$%>GF,8H0%<7%.7.,##0%7H"L-%M0%

7"G5"-5%8"%,-"8H5/%F5/7"-%"/$%B-%85/G7%"9%5;"#<85/,;0%<-85##<45-;5(%5GF,8H0%<7%-"8%"-#0%5P5/;<75=%M0%

H.G,-7%M.8%8"L,/=7%,##%#<@<-4%;/5,8./57%"/%,##%9"/G7%"9%#<95%"/%,;;"/=<-4%8"%D"#5G,-]7%Q1&*&W%85/G7(%

5GF,8H0%9"/%,##%9"/G7%"9%#<95$%

!<@A5<4@?H<48,0H95<48,HI,"HJ?48,"A5K?JA,4<7,1A6A45J:(%%

X,//,7%X,=#.//,HG,-

(%),-,%:.F/<,8-,

(%)5<-0%U,8G,-<-47<H

!0""1 3,45%+2%%

B-;/5,7<-4% 8H5% 9<-,#% 7;"/5% <-% 8H5% 75;"-=% ;0;#5% "9% /575,/;H% LH<;H% ;"-;5-8/,857% "-% ,7F5;87% "9%

,88<8.=5% "/% ,L,/5-577(% <8% ;,-% M5% ;"-;#.=5=% 8H,8% 78.=5-87% <-% ;#,77% !BB% X% ,/5% 75-7<8<@5% 8"% G,<-8,<-<-4%

;#,77/""G%;#5,-#<-577(%78.=5-87%;,/5%,M".8%M5<-4%L<75%<-%.7<-4%-,8./,#%/57"./;57(%78.=5-87%,/5%;#5@5/%,8%

F/";577<-4%F#,78<;%L,785$%

`,75=% "-% 8H5% /57.#87% "9% 8H5% 8H</=% ;0;#5% "9% /575,/;H(% <-% LH<;H% S% ,;8<"-7% L5/5% ;,//<5=% ".8(% 8H5%

/575,/;H5/%"M8,<-5=%=,8,%.7<-4%,%O.578<"--,</5%<-78/.G5-8(%8H5%7;"/5%=,8,%8H,8%8H5% /575,/;H5/%"M8,<-5=%

L5/5%,7%9"##"L72%

F4MA8,.N,O9A6@?H<<4?5A,!<6@59;A<@,

:;"/5%

S/=%;0;#5%

*&8H%,;8%

**8H%,;8%

*18H%,;8%

*I&S(1%

*e1Z(&%

*Id*(S%

B-%8H5%*&8H%,;8<"-(%8H5%9<-,#%7;"/5%L,7%"M8,<-5=%,8%*I&S$1%<-%8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8%"9%78.=5-87%<-%;#,77%

!BB%X$%NH5%9<-,#%7;"/5%L,7%"M8,<-5=%M0%/575,/;H5/7%M0%4<@<-4%O.578<"--,</57%8"%78.=5-87%,-=%,-7L5/5=%

M0%<-=<@<=.,#7$%\,#;.#,8<"-%"9%/57.#8%7;"/57%<-%;0;#5%BBB%.757%,%R<A5/8%7;,#5$%

NH5%**8H%,;8<"-%"M8,<-5=%,%9<-,#%7;"/5%"9%*e1Z$&%<-% 8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8%"9%78.=5-87%<-%;#,77%!BB%X$%NH5%

9<-,#%7;"/5%<-%8H5%**8H%,;8<"-%=5;/5,75=%;"GF,/5=%8"%8H5%F/5@<".7%,;8<"-$%:"%8H5%/575,/;H5/7%,4/55=%8"%

<GF/"@5%8H5%9<-,#%7;"/5%"9%8H5%**8H%,;8<"-$%

BGF#5G5-8,8<"-%"9%8H5%*18H%,;8<"-%"M8,<-5=%,%9<-,#%7;"/5%"9%*Id*$S%<-%8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8%"9%78.=5-87%

<-%;#,77%!BB$%NH5%9<-,#%7;"/5%<-%8H5%*18H%,;8<"-%H,7%<-;/5,75=%;"GF,/5=%8"%8H5%*&8H%,-=%**8H%,;8<"-7(%7"%

8H,8%<-%8H5%*18H%,;8<"-(%8H5%<GF#5G5-8,8<"-%"9%;0;#5%BBB%H,7%,;H<5@5=%8H5%/575,/;H%8,/458$%

>;"#"4<;,#%<-85##<45-;5%<-%8H5%7A<##7%,7F5;8(%L<8H%,%9<-,#%7;"/5%"9%*Id*$S(%G5,-7%8H,8%;#,77%!BB%X%

78.=5-87% H,@5% /5,#% 7A<##7% ,-=% ,;8<"-7% <-% F/"85;8<-4% ,-=% F/575/@<-4% 8H5% 7.//".-=<-4% 5-@</"-G5-8$% B-%

,;;"/=,-;5%L<8H%:.F/<,8-,]7%"F<-<"-%Q1&*eW(%,L,/5-577%,-=%5GF,8H0%8"%7,@5%,%=,G,45=%5-@</"-G5-8%

<7%M,75=%"-%,7F5;87%"9%,995;8<"-$%65,- LH<#5(%,;8<"-7%8"%F/575/@5%FH07<;,#%-,8./5%,-=%#<@<-4%;/5,8./57%;,-%

<##.78/,85%F70;H"G"8"/%7A<##7$%

NH5%,;H<5@5G5-8%"9%8H<7%7;"/5%;,-%M5%;"-;#.=5=%8H,8%;#,77% !BB% X%78.=5-87% ,#/5,=0% H,@5% 7";<,#%

7A<##7%8"% M,#,-;5% 8H5% 5-@</"-G5-8% M0%G,<-8,<-<-4%;#,77/""G% ;#5,-#<-577(% 78.=5-87% ,/5%9/.4,#%<-% .7<-4%

-,8./,#%/57"./;57%L<75#0(%78.=5-87%H,@5%7";<,#%7A<##7%/5#,85=%8"%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%<-%8H5%9"/G%"9%<-@<8<-4%

7;H""#%/57<=5-87%8"%F/"85;8%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%L<8H%8H5%3_%L"/A%=54/55%,;8<"-%,8%,-%5PF"%<-%8H5%7;H""#%

9<5#=(%78.=5-87%H,@5%7";<,#%7A<##7%M0%/5=.;<-4%F#,78<;%L,785%8"%F/"=.;5%G"/5%.759.#%L"/A(%78.=5-87%H,@5%

7";<,#%7A<##7%/5#,85=%8"%8H5%5-@</"-G5-8%M0%7H"L <-4% 8H5%L"/A%"9%.8<#<a<-4%F#,78<;%L,785%=./<-4%8H5%3_%

L"/A%=54/55$%

NH<7%<7%<-%,;;"/=,-;5%L<8H%8H5%,<G%"9%8H<7%,;8<"-%/575,/;H%LH<;H(%,;;"/=<-4%8"%K/<A.-8"%Q1&1SW%

LH"% 5PF#,<-7% 8H,8% 8H<7% ,;8<"-% /575,/;H% ,<G7% 8"% 7"#@5% F/"M#5G7% 8H,8% ";;./% <-% 8H5% ;#,77/""G$% N"% 9<-=%

,-7L5/7% 8"% LH0% 8H<7% ;,-% M5% 7"#@5=% M0% 8,A<-4% ,;8<"-$% K7% 5PF#,<-5=% <-% 8H5% <-8/"=.;8"/0% ;H,F85/(% 8H5%

F/"M#5G7%9".-=%M0%/575,/;H5/7%L5/5%F/"M#5G7%/5#,85=%8"%5-@</"-G5-8,#%,L,/5-577%<-%8H5%;#,77/""G$%

NH5-%8H5%/575,/;H5/7%8/<5=%8"%7"#@5%8H<7%F/"M#5G%L<8H%,;8<"-%/575,/;H$%

CONCLUSION.

, X/"G% 8H5% /57.#87% "9% 8H<7% /575,/;H(% <8% ;,-% M5% ;"-;#.=5=% 8H,8% 8H5% ,FF#<;,8<"-% "9% =<995/5-8<,85=%

F5=,4"40%8"%<-;/5,75%78.=5-87]%<##<85/,;0%<-%7";<,#%78.=<57%#5,/-<-4%<7%4"<-4%,;;"/=<-4%8"%F#,-$%>,;H%;0;#5%

8H5/5%<7%O.<85%4""=%,-=%7<4-<9<;,-8%=5@5#"FG5-8$%:8.=5-87%,#7"%H,@5%8H5%,L,/5-577%8"%G,-,45%8H5%7;H""#%

5-@</"-G5-8(%57F5;<,##0%<-%8H5%;#,77/""G$%NH50%,/5%,#7"%.75=%8"%M/<-4<-4%M"88#57%,-=%G<78<-4%7.FF#<57%

9"/%5,8<-4%,-=%=/<-A<-4%,8%7;H""#$%

!<@A5<4@?H<48,0H95<48,HI,"HJ?48,"A5K?JA,4<7,1A6A45J:%% H88F72[[<Y77/$/<=L,-<-78<8.85$;"$<=[%

!0""1,3,45%+2*%

REFERENCES.

K/<A.-8"(%:$(%:,F.8/,(%^$%)$%>$(%gH"</.--<7,(%E$%K$(%h%:,L,<(%U$%3$%Q1&1SW$%E5@5#"FG5-8%,-=%@,#<=,8<"-%"9%

85,;H5/%;"GF585-;0%F5/;5F8<"-%7;,#5%<-%B-="-57<,2%NH5%U,7;H%,-,#07<7$%:-;%&+3(-#()%-#$77"-&+3(

<$+1=$%(0*;1+'"-&(%>Q*W(%**i1*$!

`,/,A(%6$%Q1&1'W$%>=.;,8<"-,#%<=5,#7%,-=%;#,77/""G%/5,#<8<572%E5@5#"F<-4%85,;H5/7j%;"-;5F87%"9%=<,#"4<;%

F5=,4"40% <-% /5,#bL"/#=% ;"-85P87$% <$+1="&,( +&*( <$+1=$%( 0*;1+'"-&(% >?@$%

H88F72[[="<$"/4[*&$*&*e[+$NKN>$1&1S$*&''&*%

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