Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Vol.%%03,%No.%12,%December%2023%

e-ISSN:%2807-8691,|,p-ISSN:%2807-839X$

IJSSR!Page%3334

https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i12.664%

This%work%is%licensed%under%a%Attribution-ShareAlike%4.0%International%(CC%BY-SA%4.0)

Erlina: Implementation of Legal Protection of Geographical Indication of ……

Doctor's(Legal(Responsibility(in(Telemedicine(

Services(

Sanusi

,!Rediyano

,!Endah!Ratna!Wulan

,!Muhammad!Qomarddin

Faculty%of%Law,%Universitas%Swadaya%Gunung%Jati,%Indonesia

1,2,3,4%

Email:%

[email protected]

,%[email protected]

[email protected]

Keywords)

ABSTRACT!

Telemedicine,*Legal*Responsibility,*

Doctor.*

!"#$%$&'()*+(,""'(#$'-".(/&(0 "'/*#()"*#/)(&1"2(/)"(3"*2+4(,5/($/+(

6&''"6/$&'( /&( 7"2+"65/&23( $."*/$&'( 2"0*$'+( 5'6#"*28( 9'( /)$+(

+/5.34(:*++*2*;*(</*/"(='$1"2+$/3(+/5."'/+>(7"2+"65/&23($."*/$&'(

$+("?*0$'".($'(2"#*/$&'(/&(2"#$%$&5+(6)*2*6/"2$+/$6+(*+(72".$6/&2+8(

@( 62&++A+"6/$&'*#( +521"3( ."+$%'( ;*+( 5+".( $'( /)"( +/5.38( 9'( /)"(

+/5.34( *( +*07#"( &B( CDE( $'.$1$.5*#+( ;*+( 6)&+"'( */( 2*'.&0( B2&0(

/)"(+/5."'/(,&.38(F&/)(/)"($'."7"'."'/(*'.(."7"'."'/(1*2$*,#"+(

;"2"( 0"*+52".( ;$/)( /)2""( +/*'.*2.$G".( /&&#+8( H)"( 5+"( &B(

05#/$7#"(2"%2"++$&'( *'*#3+$+(;*+(5+".( /&( B&205#*/"(*'.(/"+/(/;&(

)37&/)"+"+8( I&;"1"24( /)"( 2"+"*26)"2+( .$+6&1"2".( /)*/( +/5."'/+>(

/)&5%)/+( &B( ,"$'%( 7"2+"65/".( ;"2"( J&$'/#3( *'.( +$%'$B$6*'/#3(

72".$6/".( ,3( ,&/)( )"##( *'?$"/3( *'.( ."0&'$6( 6&'B#$6/( KL( M( N8OPQ4(

7MR8RCS4(!

M(R8CRO4(2MR8SEOT8(9'.$1$.5*##34(/)*/(."0&'$6(+/25%%#"(

)*.( +$%'$B$6*'/( 6&'/2$,5/$&'+( /&( /)"( 72".$6/$&'( &B( 7"2+"65/&23(

$."*/$&'8( K!

M( R8SNE4( /ME8QNNU( V( W( R8ROT8( I"##4( *'?$"/3( .$.( '&/(

+$%'$B$6*'/#3( 72".$6/(7"2+"65/&23( $."*/$&'8( K!

M( AR8RNS4( /MAR8SDRU(

V(X(R8ROT8(H)"+"(B$'.$'%+(2"6&00"'.".(/)*/(2"#$%$&5+(*5/)&2$/$"+(

6&'+$."28(0$'$0$G$'%(+*/*'$6(*'.()"##(/)"0"+($'(/)"$2(+"20&'(*'.(

B&65+$'%( &'( *'%"#+4( )"*1"'4( B&2%$1"'"++4( *'.( &/)"2( 7&+$/$1"(

6&'6"7/+( /)*/( 72&0&/"( *( B*1&2*,#"( 7"2+7"6/$1"( &B( Y&.4( /)"2",3(

$072&1$'%( /)"( 0"'/*#( )"*#/)( &B( $/+( 6&'%2"%*/$&'8( @..$/$&'*##34(

7+36)&A+7$2$/5*#( /)"2*73( &'( /)"( %5$.*'6"( &B( &'">+( #$B"( ,3( %&&.(

+57"2'*/52*#(,"$'%+(#$-"(*'%"#+(0*3(*++$+/($'(#"++"'$'%(2"#$%$&5+#3(

$'+52".(7"2+"65/&23 (/)$'-$'%8(

INTRODUCTION!

The% emergence% of% new% technology% in% the% 21st% century% is% strongly%felt,% including% in% the%

world% of% medicine% where% dictators% are% given% the% opportunity% to% provide% services% virtually%

(Menon%et% al.,% 2021;% Rodriguez%Socarrás% et% al.,% 2020;%Rosemann% &% Zhang,%2022)

.%T h is % imagin a t iv e %

technological% development% is% called% Telem edicine % (Cannavacciuolo% et% al.,% 2023;% Datta% et% al.,%

2023;% W.% Zhang% et% al.,%2022).% With% telem e d ic in e ,% medical% se rv ic e s% are% now% increasing% rapidly,%

including% in% Ind o n es ia .% Telemed ic ine % according % to% A r tic le % 1% po in t % 1% of% the% Regulation% of% th e %

Minister%of%Health%Number% 20%of% 2019%concerning%the%Implementation%of% Telemedicine% Services%

Between% Health% Service% Facilities% is% the% provision% of% telemedicine% services% by% doctors% and%

dentists% using% information% and% communication% technology,% including% the% exchange% of%

information % on% diagnosis,% t re a tment,% prevention% of% diseas es % and% injuries,% res ea rc h % and%

evaluation,% and% continuing% education% of% health% care% providers% for% the% benefit% of% improving%

individual% a nd % c o mmunity% h ea l th%

(Chauhan% et% al.,% 202 2;% Cushing,% 2022;% Elliott% &% Yopes,% 2019;%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3335

Khodadad-Saryazdi,%2021)

Currently%Indonesia%has%Law%No.%29%of%2004%concerning%Medical%Practice,%but%in%the%law%

there% is%no%regulation%on%the%practice%of%medicine%through %Telem edicine%(Prim avita %et%al.,%2021).%

Telemedicine% in% Indonesia% is% now% present% with% various% applications% that% act% as% telemedicine%

platforms%such% as%Halodoc,%Alodokter% and%others.% This%application%is% intended%to% be%used% as%a%

means% of% communication% or% platform% between% doctors% and% patients.% One% of% the% uses% of%

Telemedicine% that% is% currently% rife% in% Indonesia% is% live% chat% with% doctors% which% can% be% done%

through%the%application.%With%this%feature ,%users%can %com fortably%con sult%directly%w ith%a%docto r%

anytime% and%anywhere.%However,%telemedicine%still%has%certain%limitations.%A%study%published%in%

the%ABC%journal%Cardiol%(Moreira%et%al.,%2021),%as%re p o rt e d %b y %t he %National%In st it u t e s%o f%H e a l th %

website,% concluded% that% the% main% drawback% of% telemedicine% is% that% doctors% cannot% see% and%

examine%patients%in%person.%This%limitation%certainly%affects%the%quality%of%diagnostics.%

The%concept%of%legal%liability%is%the%concept%of%responsibility%(legal%responsibility)%that%a%

person%is%legally%responsible%for%certain%actions%or%that%he%bears%legal%responsibility%m eans%that%

he% is% responsible% for% a% sanction% if% his% actions% contradict% (Anwar,% 2013;% Kelsen,% 201 9).% L e g a l%

sanctions% according% to% Mochtar% Kusumaatmadja% in% a% narrow% sense% a re% sanctions% or%

punishments% imposed% on% someone% who% violates% the% law% more% towards% imposing% criminal%

sanctions,% but% in%a% broader% and% more% appropriate% view% legal% sanctions% in%addition%to% criminal%

sanctions%can%also%be %incarnated% in%other% forms,%namely%in%the%form% of%civil%sanctions%such% as%the%

obligation% to% pay% compensation% for% actions% that% cause% harm % to% others,% and% adm inistrative%

sanctions% (K usu m aa tm ad ja,%200 0).%Do c to r s%in%providing %te l emedicine%h ea l th %s e rv ic e s%must%be%in %

accordance% with% applicable% laws% and% regulations.% It% does% not% rule% out% the% possibility% that%

telemedicine%health%services%provided%by%doctors%have%the %opportunity%for%errors%or%omissions%

that% can% harm% patients,% so% do ctors% m ust% be% legally% responsible% (Kapla n,% 20 20 ;% Su% et% al.,% 2022;%

Symeonidis%et%al.,%2023;%J.%Zhang%et%al.,%2022).%

Based% on% what% is% described% above,% researchers% are% very% interested% in% exploring%

regulatory% synchroniza tion% and% forms% of% physician% re spon sibility% in % tele m edicin e% serv ices.% S o%

the% writing% team% conducted% a% study% entitled% "Legal%Responsibility%Of% Doctors% In%Telemedicine%

Services".

METHODS-

The% approach% used% is% a% normative% juridical% approach% method% with% research%

specifications%in%the%form%of%inventory%research%on%laws%and%regulations%(positive%law),%research%

on%the%level% of%legal%synchronization,%and%findings% in% concerto.% The%research%location%was%carried%

out% at% the% Center% for% Scientific% Information,% Faculty% of% Law,% Swadaya% Gunun g% Jati% University%

Cirebon,%UPT%Library%of%Swadaya%Gunung%Jati%University%Cirebon.%Data%sources%are%taken%from%

secondary% da ta% with% literature% study% data% collection% methods% and% data% processing% m ethod s%

using%data%reduction,%data%display%and%data%categorization,% w hich%are%presented%using% narrative%

text% data% presentation% methods% tha t% are% ana lyzed% nora mtively% qu alitatively,% content% an alysis%

and%comparative%analysis.%

RESULTS-

Synchronization! of! Doctors'! Legal! Responsibility! Arrangements! in! the! Implementation! of!

Telemedicine!

The% definition% of% synchronization% according% to% the% Big% Dictionary% Indonesian% is% about%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research!% https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%

IJSSR!Page%3336

synchronizing,% synchronizing,% and% adjusting.% Thus,% synchronization% means% at% the% same% time,%

simultaneously,%in%line,%aligned,%appropriate,%and%aligned.%Synchronization%activities%are%the%alignment%and%

harmony%of%substance%in%various%laws%and%regulations%related%to%laws%and%regulations%related%to%existing%

laws% and% regulations% that% regulate% a% particular% field% so% that% it% does% not% overlap% and% complement% each%

other.%The%synchronization%used%in%this%study%is%vertical%synchronization%which%aims%to%see%whether%a%law%

that%applies%to%a%particular%area%of%life%does%not%conflict%with%each%other%when%viewed%from%a%vertical%angle%

or%hierarchy%of%existing%laws%and%regulations.%

The% level% of% synchronization% of% the% regulation% of% doctors'% legal% responsibilities% in% telemedicine%

services%will%be% analyzed% with%several% theories,% including%legal% theory% and%regulatory% hierarchy% of%Hans%

Kelsen,%Hans%Nawiasky%and%Law%No.%12%of%2011%concerning%the%establishment%of%Law%as%amended%by%Law%

No.%15%of%2019.%

Theories% on% the% order% of% the% formation% of% laws% and% regulations% include% the% level% theory%

(Stufentheorie)% proposed% by% Hans% Kelsen.% Hans% Kelsen% argues% that% legal% norms% are% tiered% and% multi-

layered%in%a% hierarchy,%in%the%sense%that%a%lower%norm%applies,%originating%and% based%on%a% higher%norm.%

Higher%norms%apply,%originate,%and%are%based%on%higher%norms,%and%so%on,%until%a%norm%cannot%be%traced%

further%and%is%hypothetical%and%fictitious,%namely%the%basic%norm%(Grundnorm).%

This%theory%was%developed%by%Hans%Nawiasky,%according%to%him,%in%addition%to%layered%and%layered%

and% tiered% legal% norms,% the% legal% norms% of% a% country% are% grouped% and% the% grouping% of% legal% norms% of% a%

country%includes%four%main%groups,%namely:%

Kelompok%I%:%Staatsfundamentalnorm%(norma%fundamental%negara)%

Group%II%:%Staatgrundgesetz%(Basic%Rules%of%the%State)%

Group%III%:%formellgesetz%(Formal%Law")%

Group%IV%:%Verordnung%en%Autonome%Satzug%(Implementing%Rules/Autono mous%rules)%

Article% 7% of% Law% No.% 12% of% 2011% concerning% Lawmaking% is% amended% by% Law% No.% 15% of% 2019%

concerning%Amendments%to%Law% No.%12%of%2011%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws% and%Regulations,%

which%contains:!

1. Types%and%hierarchies%of%legal%regulation%consist%of:%

a. Constitution%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%Year%1945.%

b. Decrees%of%the%People's%Consultative%Assembly.%

c. Government%Laws/Regulations%in%Lieu%of%Law.%

d. Government%Regulations.%

e. Presidential%Regulation.%

f. Provincial%Local%Regulations;%and%

g. District/City%Regulations.%

2. The%legal%force%of%laws%and%regulations%is%in%accordance%with%the%hierarchy%as%referred%to%in%paragraph%

(1).%

Article%8%of%Law%Number%12%of%2011%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%

amended%by%Law%Number%15%of%2019,%specifies%that:%

a. Types% of% laws% and% regulations% other% than% those% referred% to% in% Article% 7% paragraph% (1)% include%

regulations%stipulated%by%the%People's%Consultative%Assembly,%House%of%Representatives,%Regional%

Representative%Council,%Supreme% Court,%Constitutional%Court,%Audit%Board,%Judicial%Commission,%

Bank%Indonesia,%Ministers,%agencies,%institutions,%or%commissions%at%the%same%level%established%by%

Law% or% the% Government% by% order% of% the% Law,% Provincial% People's% Representative% Council,%

Governor,% Regency/City% People's% Representative% Council,% Regent/Mayor,% Village% Head% or%

equivalent.%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3337

b. Laws%and%regulations%as%referred%to%in%paragraph%(1)%are%recognized%for%their%existence%and%have%

binding% legal% force% to% the% extent% ordered% by% higher% laws% and% regulations% or% established% by%

authority.%

Telemedicine%uses% information%and%communication%technology%using%data%transfer%in%the%form%of%

video,%sound,%and%images%carried%out%in%real%time%using%video-conferencing%supporting%technology.%Health%

services%that% can%be% done%with%Telemedicine%are%helpful%for% patients%who% have%a% place%to%live% far%from%

health%facilities.%These%health%services%start%from%consultation,%diagnosis%to%medical%action.%

The% results% of% positive% legal% research% and% inventory% that% have% been% carried% out% based% on% the%

identification,%correction,%and%organization%of%positive%legal% norms%related%to%the% legal%responsibility%of%

doctors%in%Telemedicine%services%are%as%follows:%

1. Article% 4,% Article% 7,% Article% 9% of% the% Indonesian% Medical% Council% Regulation% Number% 74% of% 2020%

concerning%Clinical%Authority%and%Practice%of%Medicine%Through%Telemedicine%during%the%Corona%Virus%

Disease% 2019% (COVID-19)% Pandemic% in% Indonesia% regulates% the% obligations% and% prohibitions% for%

doctors% in% telemedicine% services.% Indonesian% Medical% Council% Regulation% Number% 74% of% 2020%

concerning% Clinical% Authority% and% Medical% Practice% Through% Telemedicine% during% the% Corona% Virus%

Disease%2019%(COVID-19)% Pandemic%in% Indonesia%if% interpreted%with% Article%8% of%Law% Number%12% of%

2011%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%amended%by%Law%Number%15%of%2019,%

then% Indonesian% Medical% Council% Regulation% Number% 74% of% 2020% concerning% Clinical% Authority% and%

Medical%Practice%Through%telemedicine%during%the%Corona%Virus%Disease%2019%(COVID-19)%Pandemic%

in%Indonesia%as%the%lowest%regulation%is%recognized%for%its%existence%and%has%binding%legal%force.%This%

normative% fact,% if% interpreted% with% the% theories% of% Hans% Kelsen% and% Hans% Nawiasky,% then% the%

Indonesian%Medical%Council%Regulation%Number%74%of%2020%concerning%Clinical%Authority%and%Medical%

Practice% Through% Telemedicine% during% the% Corona% Virus% Disease% 2019% (COVID-19)% Pandemic% in%

Indonesia% must% be% sourced% and% not% conflict% with% higher% regulations,% namely% the% Regulation% of% the%

Minister% of% Health% of% the% Republic% of% Indonesia% Number% 20% of% 2019% about% the% Implementation% of%

Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities.%

2. %Article%17%paragraph%(2),%Article%18%paragraph%(2)%of%the%Minister%of%Health%Regulation%Number%20%of%

2019% concerning% the% Implementation% of% Telemedicine% Services% Between% Health% Service% Facilities%

regulates% the% obligations% of% doctors% as% requesters% and% consultation% providers% in% health% service%

facilities.%Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%Health%Number%20%of%2019%concerning%the%Implementation%of%

Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities%if%analyzed%by%Article%8%of%Law%Number%12%of%

2011% concerning% the% Establishment% of% Laws% and% Regulations,% it% can% be% interpreted% that% the% formal%

structure% of% the% Regulation% of% the% Minister% of% Health% Number% 20% of% 2019% concerning% the%

Implementation% of% Telemedicine% Services% Between% Health% Service% Facilities% is% recognized% for% its%

existence%and%has%binding%legal%force.%Based%on%these%normative%facts,%if%interpreted%with%the%theories%

of%Hans%Kelsen%and%Hans%Nawiasky,%the%Minister%of%Health%Regulation%Number%20%of%2019%concerning%

the%Implementation%of%Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities%must%be%sourced%and%

not%conflict%with%higher%regulations%in%accordance%with%the%hierarchy%of%laws%and%regulations,%namely%

Law%Number%36%of%2009%concerning%Health.%Law%No.%36%of%2009%concerning%Health%is%listed%in%view%as%

the%legal%basis%for%the%establishment%of%Minister%of%Health%Regulation%No.%20%of%2019%concerning%the%

Implementation%of%Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities,%but%Law%No.%36%of%2009%

does%not%mention%medical%personnel%and%only%mentions%health%workers.%Constitutional%Court%Decision%

No.% 82/PUU-XIII/2015% determines% that% medical% personnel% are% not% included% in% health% workers,% so%

doctors%as%medical%personnel%are%not%regulated%in%Law%No.%36%on%Health.%

3. Article% 29,% Article% 31,% Article% 35,% Article% 36,% Article% 41,% Article% 44,% Article% 45,% Article% 46,% Article% 48,%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research!% https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%

IJSSR!Page%3338

Article% 49,%Article%51,% Article%66,% Article%69,%Article% 75,% Article% 76,% Article% 79%of% Law%No.% 29% of% 2004%

concerning% Medical% Practice% regulates% the% obligations,% authorities,% and% sanctions% of% doctors% if% they%

violate%these%regulations.%The%legal%responsibility%of%doctors%in%telemedicine%services%is%guided%by%Law%

Number% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice% because% doctors% are% human% resources% in%

telemedicine% services% Law% Number% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice% can% be% interpreted%

systematically%based%on% Article%7%of% Law%Number%10%of% 2004%concerning%the%Establishment% of%Laws%

and%Regulations%as%replaced%by%Article%7%of%Law%Number%12%of%2011%concerning%The%establishment%of%

laws% and% regulations% and% has% been% amended% by% Law% Number% 15% of% 2019,% then% Law% Number% 29% of%

2004%concerning%Medical%Practice%is%a%valid%and%binding%law,%because%Law%No.%29%of%2004%concerning%

Medical%Practice%is%included%in%the%type%and%hierarchy%of%laws%and%regulations.%

% Article%8%of%Law%Number%10%of%2004%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%

replaced% by% Article% 10% of% Law% Number% 12% of% 2011% concerning% the% Establishment% of% Laws% and%

Regulations%and%amended%by%Law%No.%15%of%2019%specifies%that:%

1) The%content%material%that%must%be%regulated%by%law%contains:%

a) Further%regulation%of%the%provisions%of%the%1945%Constitution%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia;%

b) Order%an%Act%to%be%governed%by%an%Act.%

c) Ratification%of%certain%international%treaties.%

d) Follow-up%on%the%Constitutional%Court's%decision;%and/or%

e) Fulfillment%of%legal%needs%in%society.%

2) %Follow-up%to%the% decision%of%the%Constitutional% Court%as%referred%to%in% paragraph%(1)%point%d%is%

carried%out%by%the%DPR%or%the%President.%%

% Law% Number%29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice% if% interpreted% systematically% based%

on%Article%8%of%Law%Number%10%of%2004%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%

replaced% by% Article% 10% of% Law% Number% 12% of% 2011% concerning% the% Establishment% of% Laws% and%

Regulations% and% has% been% amended% by% Law% No.% 15% of% 2019,% then% the% law% is% valid% and% binding,%

because%this%law%based%on%its%content%material%has%qualified%as%law,%which%is%a%further%regulation%

of%the%provisions%of%the%Constitution%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%Year%1945.%This%is%evidenced%by%

the% legal% basis% for% the% establishment% of% Law% Number% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice,%

namely%Article%20%and%Article%21%paragraph%(1)%of%the%Constitution%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%

Year%1945.%

% Law% No.% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice% in% considering% that% it% only% included% the%

1945%Constitution%and%did%not%include%the%Health%Law%that%was%in%force%at%that%time,%namely%Law%

No.%23%of%1992%concerning%Health.%This%shows%that%the%Medical%Practice%Law%and%the%Health%Law%

are%not%synchronized,%which%is%formally%unrelated,%but%when%viewed%from%the%services%provided%

by%doctors%as%medical%personnel%in%telemedicine%services,%including%in%health%services%regulated%

in%the%Health%Law.%

4. Article% 2,% Article% 20,% Article% 23,% Article% 26,% Article% 27,% Article% 29,% Article% 31,% and% Article% 32% of% the%

Minister% of% Health% Regulation% Number% 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011% concerning% License% to% Practice%

and%Implementation%of%Medical% Practice%regulate%the%authority,% obligations%of%doctors%and%sanctions%

for%doctors%if%they%violate%these%regulations.%When%viewed%from%Article%8%of%Law%Number%12%of%2011%

concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%amended%by%Law%No.%15%of%2019,%it%can%be%

interpreted%that%the%Minister% of%Health%Regulation%Number% 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011%concerning%

Licenses% to% Practice% and% the% Implementation% of% Medical% Practice% is% a% regulation% that% occupies% the%

lowest% degree% that% is% recognized% for% its% existence% and% has% binding% legal% force.% The% normative% facts%

above% if% interpreted% with% the% theorie s% of% Hans% Kelsen% and% Hans% Nawiasky,% then% the% birth% of% the%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3339

Minister% of% Health% Regulation% Number% 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011% concerning% Permission% to%

Practice%and%the%Implementation%of%Medical%Practice%is%a%further%regulation%of%Law%Number%29%of%2004%

concerning%Medical%Practice.%This%is%evidenced%that%from%one%of%the%legal%bases%for%the%establishment%

of%the%Minister%of%Health%Regulation%Number%2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011%concerning%Permission%to%

Practice%and%Implementation%of%Medical%Practice%in%considering%that%the%Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%

Health%Number%2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011%concerning%Permission%to%Practice%and%Implementation%

of%Medical%Practice%is%an%implementation%of%Article%38%paragraph%(3)%and%Article%43%of%Law%Number%29%

of%2004%concerning%Medical%Practice.%

5. Article%15,%Article%32,%Article%36,%Article%37,%Article%38,%Article%39,%Article%48,%Article%51%paragraph%(2),%

Article%52%paragraph%(2),%(3),%(4)%of%Law%Number%11%of%2008%concerning%Electronic%Information%and%

Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%No.%19%of%2016%regulates%the%obligations%of%doctors%as%operators%of%

electronic% systems% in% telemedicine% services% and% sanctions% against% doctors% if% they% violate% these%

regulations.% Based% on% the% regulation% of% Article% 7% of% Law% Number% 10% of% 2004% concerning% the%

Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%as%replaced%by%Article%7%paragraph%(1)%and%paragraph%(2)%of%

Law%Number%12%of%2011%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%and%amended%by%Law%

Number% 15% of% 2019,% it% can% be% interpreted% that% Law% Number% 11% of% 2008% concerning% Electronic%

Information%and%Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%No.%19%of%2016%is%one%type%of%hierarchy%of%laws%and%

regulations%and% has%binding% legal%force.% Law%Number% 11%of% 2008%concerning% Electronic%Information%

and% Transactions% can% be% interpreted% with% Article% 8% of% Law% Number% 10% of% 2004% concerning% the%

Establishment% of% Laws% and% Regulations% as% replaced% by% Article% 10% of% Law% Number% 12% of% 2011%

concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%and%has%been%amended%by%Law%Number%15%of%

2019%that%Law%Number%11%of%2008%concerning%Electronic%Information%and%Transactions%as%amended%

by% Law% No.% 19% of% 2016% can% be% declared% a% valid% and% binding% law% because% it% has% fulfilled% the%

requirements%for%the%formation%of%laws%and%regulations.%This%is%evidenced%by%the%material%content%of%

Law%Number%11%of%2008%concerning%Electronic%Information%and%Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%No.%

19% of% 2016% qualifies% as% law% based% on% Article% 8% of% Law% Number% 10% of% 2004% concerning% the%

Establishment% of% Laws% and% Regulations% as% replaced% by% Article% 10% paragraph% (1)% letter% a% of% Law%

Number%12%of%2011%concerning%the%Establishment%of%Laws%and%Regulations%and%has%been%amended%by%

Law% Number% 15% of% 2019,% namely% further% regulation% of% the% provisions% of% the% Constitution% of% the%

Republic% of% Indonesia% Year% 1945.% Law% No.% 11% of% 2008% concerning% Electronic% Information% and%

Transactions% as% amended% by% Law% No.% 19% of% 2016% in% view% of% including% Article% 5% paragraph% (1)% and%

Article%20%of%the%Constitution%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%Year%1945%as%the%legal%basis.%Based%on%these%

normative%facts,%it%can%be%interpreted%with%the%theory%of%Hans%Kelsen%and%Nawiasky%that%Law%No.%11%of%

2008% concerning% Electronic% Information% and% Transactions% as% amended% by% Law% No.% 19% of% 2016% has%

harmony%with% the% laws%and% regulations% above.%The% regulation% is%the% Constitution% of%the% Republic% of%

Indonesia%Year%1945.%This%can%be%seen%from%the%consideration%considering%that%Article%5%paragraph%(1)%

and% Article% 20% of% the% Constitution% of% the% Republic% of% Indonesia% Year% 1945% are% the% basis% for% the%

establishment% of% Law% Number% 11% of% 2008% concerning% Information% and% Electronic% Transactions% as%

amended% by% Law% No.% 19% of% 2016.% The% level% of% synchronization% of% the% regulation% of% doctors'% legal%

responsibilities% in% telemedicine% services% as% explained% in% advance% will% be% clearer% if% displayed% in% the%

form%of%paramides%as%follows:%

1.%1945%Constitution%

1) Law%Number%29%of%2004%concerning%Medical%Practice%

2) Law% No.% 11% of% 2008% concerning% Electronic% Information% and% Transactions% as% amended% by% Law%

No.%19%of%2016%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research!% https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%

IJSSR!Page%3340

3) Indonesian%Medical% Council% Regulation%Number% 74% of%2020% concerning%Clinical%Authority% and%

Medical% Practice% Through% Telemedicine% during% the% Corona% Virus% Disease% 2019% (COVID-19)%

Pandemic%in%Indonesia%

4) Regulation% of% the% Minister% of% Health% of% the% Republic% of% Indonesia% Number%

2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011% concerning% License% to% Practice% and% Implementation% of% Doctor%

Practice%

5) Minister% of% Health% Regulation% Number% 20% of% 2019% concerning% the% Implementation% of%

Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities%

The%order%above%shows%that%regulations%related%to%doctors'%legal%responsibilities%in%telemedicine%

services%have%shown%their% existence.!Vertical%synchronization.%That%is,%the% arrangements%governing%the%

legal%responsibilities%of%doctors%in%telemedicine%services%that% have%a%lower%degree%do%not%conflict%with%the%

regulations%that%have%a%higher%degree.%In%addition,%regulations%with%a%higher%degree%become%the%basis%or%

source%of%the%formation%of%regulations%with%a%lower%degree.%

Law% No.% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice% in% considering% that% it% only% included% the% 1945%

Constitution%and%did%not%include%the%health%Law%that%was%in%force%at%that%time,%namely%Law%No.%23%of%1992%

concerning%Health.%This% shows%that%the%Medical%Practice%Act%and%the% Health%Law%are%not%synchronized,%

formally% unrelated.% This% is% reinforced% by% Cons titutional% Court% Decision% Number% 82/PUU-XIII/2015%

determining%that%medical%personnel%are%not%included%in%health%workers.%Therefore,%Law%No.%36%of%2009%

concerning% Health% cannot% be% the% legal% basis% for% the% legal% responsibility% of% medical% personnel% in%

telemedicine%services,%but%when%viewed%from%the%services%provided%by%doctors%as%medical%personnel%in%

telemedicine%services,%including%in%health%services%regulated%in%the%health%Law.%

Forms!of!Legal!Responsibility!of!Doctors!in!Telemedicine!Services!

According% to% the% Big% Indonesian% Dictionary% (KBBI),% responsibility% is% the% obligation% to% bear%

something.% Something% if% something% happens% can% be% sued,% blamed,% and% sued.% Meanwhile,% according% to%

case%law,%responsibility%arises%from%the%consequences%of%a%person's%freedom%of%action%which%is%associated%

with% morality% in% doing% an% act% (Notoatmodjo,% 2010).% Based% on% the% study% results,% the% form% of% doctor%

responsibility%for% telemedicine%services% in%the%Indonesian% legal%structure% can%be%in%the%form% of%liability%

according%to%civil%law,%criminal%law%and%administrative%law:%

1. Civil%Liability%

Article% 1365% of% the% Civil% Code% stipulates% that% for% every% unlawful% act% that% causes% harm% to% another%

person,%the%person%who%caused%the%loss%because%of%his%fault%must%compensate%for%the%loss.%Based%on%

the% regulation,% it% can% be% understood% that% if% a% doctor% in% telemedicine% services% makes% a% mistake%

resulting% in% losses% to% customers,% then% the% doctor% is% obliged% to% compensate% losses% that% customers%

must%bear.%Article%1366%of%the%Civil%Code%states%that%everyone%is%responsible,%not%only%for%the%losses%

caused% by% the% event% but% also% for% the% losses% caused% by% his% negligence% or% negligence.% Under% this%

provision,% it% is% conceivable% that% if% a% doctor% in% telemedicine% is% negligent% and% causes% harm% to% the%

client/patient,%he%will%have%to%compensate%that%client/patient.%Based%on%the%results%of%the%research%in%

the%Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%Health%Number%2052/Menkes/Per/X/2011%concerning%Permission%

to%Practice%and%Practice%Medicine,%Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%Health%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%

Number% 20% of% 2019% concerning% the% Implementation% of% Telemedicine% Services% Between% Health%

Service%Organizations,%Indonesian%Medical%Council%Regulation%Number%74%of%2020%Related%to%Clinical%

Competence%and%Medical% Practice%of%Telemedicine%During%the% Corona%Virus%Disease%2019% (COVID-

19)% Pandemic% in% Indonesia,% There% is% no% regulation% on% the% civil% responsibility% of% doctors% in%

telemedicine%services.% The% civil%responsibility% of% doctors%in% telemedicine%services%can% be%based%on%

Article%66%of%Law%No.%29%of%2004%concerning%the%practice%of%medicine%which%stipulates%that%everyone%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3341

who% knows% or% has% an% interest% is% harmed% by% the% actions% of% doctors% or% dentists% in% telemedicine.%

Practicing%medicine%can%complain%in%writing%to%the%Chairman%of%the%Honorary%Board%of%Indonesian%

Medical%Disciplines,%complaints%do%not%eliminate%the%right%of%everyone%to%report%suspected%criminal%

acts%to%the%authorities%and/or%claim%civil%losses%to%the%court%and%Articles%38%and%39%of%Law%Number%

11%of%2008%concerning%Information%and%Electronic%Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%Number%19%of%

2016%which% states%that% everyone%may%file%a% lawsuit%against% the%party% that%organizes% the%electronic%

system% and/or%uses% information% technology% that% causes% losses.% Based%on%some% of% these% articles,% it%

can% be% interpreted% that% patients% as% recipients% of% health% services% and% parties% whose% interests% are%

harmed% by% the% actions% of% doctors% or% dentists% in% carrying% out% telemedicine% practices% can% apply% for%

compensation%and%if%the%doctor%is%proven%not%to%fulfill%or%negligent%in%carrying%out%the%obligations%of%

practicing%medicine,%the%doctor%must%be%directly%responsible%for%indemnifying%the%loss.%

2. Criminal%Liability%

Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%Health%Number%2052/Menkes/Per/X/2011%concerning%Permission%to%

Practice% and% Implementation% of% Medical% Practice,% Regulation% of% the% Minister% of% Health% of% the%

Republic%of%Indonesia%Number%20%of%2019%concerning%the%Implementation%of%Telemedicine%Services%

Between%Health%Service%Facilities,%Regulation%of%the%Indonesian%Medical%Council%Number%74%of%2020%

concerning%Clinical%Authority%and%Medical%Practice%Through%Telemedicine%during%the%Corona%Virus%

Disease%2019%(COVID-19)%Pandemic%in%Indonesia,%there%are%no%rules%regarding%the%criminal%liability%

of%doctors%in% Telemedicine%services.%The% legal%responsibility% of%doctors%in%Telemedicine%services%is%

found% in% Law% No.% 29% of% 2004% concerning% Medical% Practice,% and% Law% No.% 11% of% 2008% concerning%

Electronic%Information%and%Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%No.%19%of%2016.%The%criminal%liability%of%

doctors%in%telehealth%services%can%be%based%on%Article%75,%Article%76,%Article%79%of%the%Law%on%Medical%

Practice%No.%29%of%2004,%which%states%that:%

Article%75%

a. Every% doctor% or% dentist% who% intentionally% practices% medicine% without% having% a% registration%

certificate% as% referred% to% in% Article% 29% paragraph% (1)% shall% be% punished% with% a% maximum%

imprisonment%of%3%(three)%years%or%a%maximum%fine%of%Rp100,000,000.00%(one%hundred%million%

rupiah).%

b. Any%foreign%doctor%or%dentist%who%intentionally%practices%medicine%without%having%a%temporary%

registration% certificate% as% referred% to% in% Article% 31% paragraph% (1)% shall% be% punished% with% a%

maximum% imprisonment% of% 3% (three)% years% or% a% maximum% fine% of% Rp100,000,000.00% (one%

hundred%million%rupiah).%

Article%76%

Every% doctor% or% dentist% who% intentionally% practices% medicine% without% having% a% license% to%

practice% as% referred% to% in% Article% 36% shall% be% punished% with% a% maximum% imprisonment% of% 3%

(three)%years%or%a%maximum%fine%of%Rp100,000,000.00%(one%hundred%million%rupiah).%

Article%79%

Sentenced%to%a%maximum%imprisonment%of%1%(one)%year%or%a%maximum%fine%of%Rp.%50,000,000.00%

(fifty%million%rupiah),%any%doctor%or%dentist%who:%

a) intentionally%not%installing%signage%as%referred%to%in%Article%41%paragraph%(1);%

b) intentionally%not%making%medical%records%as%referred%to%in%Article%46%paragraph%(1);%or%

c) intentionally%fail%to%fulfill%the%obligations%referred%to%in%Article%51%letter%a,%letter%b,%letter%c,%

letter%d,%or%letter%e.%

Doctors% in% telemedicine% services% as% one% of% the% providers% of% electronic% information% if% they%

violate% the% prohibition% mentioned% above,% will% get% criminal% sanctions% as% stipulated% in% Article% 48,%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research!% https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%

IJSSR!Page%3342

Article%51%paragraph%(2),%Article%52%paragraph%(2),%(3),%(4)% of%Law%Number%11% of%2008%concerning%

Electronic%Information%and%Transactions%as%amended%by%Law%Number%19%of%2016%as%follows:%

Article%48%

a. Any%person%who%fulfills%the%elements%as%referred%to%in%Article%32%paragraph%(1)%shall%be%sentenced%

to%a%maximum%imprisonment%of%8%(eight)%years%and/or%a%maximum%fine% of%Rp2,000,000,000.00%

(two%billion%rupiah).%

b. Any%person%who%fulfills%the%elements%as%referred%to%in%Article%32%paragraph%(2)%shall%be%sentenced%

to% a% maximum%imprisonment% of% 9%(nine)%years% and/or% a% maximum%fine% of% Rp3,000,000,000.00%

(three%billion%rupiah).%

c. Any%person%who%fulfills%the%elements%as%referred%to%in%Article%32%paragraph%(3)%shall%be%sentenced%

to%a%maximum% imprisonment%of% 10% (ten)%years% and/or%a% maximum% fine%of% Rp5,000,000,000.00%

(five%billion%rupiah).%

Article%51%

Any%person%who%fulfills%the%elements%as%referred%to%in%Article%36%shall%be%punished%with%a%maximum%

imprisonment%of% 12%(twelve)%years%and/or%a% maximum%fine% of%Rp12,000,000,000.00%(twelve%billion%

rupiah).%

Article%52%

a. Suppose%the%acts%referred%to%in%Articles%30%to%Article%37%are%directed%against%Computers%and/or%

Electronic%Systems%as%well%as%Electronic%Information%and/or%Electronic%Documents%belonging%to%

the%Government%and/or%used%for%public%services.%In%that%case,%the%principal%penalty%is%punished%

with%a%principal%crime%plus%one-third.%

b. If% the% acts% referred% to% in% Articles% 30% to% Article% 37% are% directed% against% Computers% and/or%

Electronic%Systems%as%well%as%Electronic%Information%and/or%Electronic%Documents%belonging%to%

the% Government% and/or% strategic% agencies,% including% but% not% limited% to% defense% institutions,%

central% banks,% banking,% finance,% international% institutions,% aviation% authorities% are% threatened%

with%a%maximum%penalty%of%the%principal%criminal%threat%of%each%Article%plus%two-thirds.%

c. If%a%criminal%act%as%referred%to%in%Article%27%to%Article%37%is%committed%by%a%corporation,%it%shall%

be%punished%with%the%principal%crime%plus%two-thirds.%

3. Administrative%Liability%

Regulation%of%the%Indonesian%Medical%Council%Number%74%of%2020%concerning%Clinical%Authority%and%

Practice% of% Medicine% Through% Telemedicine% during% the% Corona% Virus% Disease% 2019% (COVID-19)%

Pandemic%in%Indonesia,%Regulation%of%the%Minister%of%Health%of%the%Republic%of%Indonesia%Number%20%

of%2019%concerning%the%Implementation%of%Telemedicine%Services%Between%Health%Service%Facilities%

and% Law% of% the% Republic% of% Indonesia% Number% 11% of% 2008% concerning% Electronic% Information% and%

Transactions% as% amended% by% Law% No.% 19% In% 2016,% it% did% not% regulate% administrative% sanctions% for%

doctors% in%telemedicine%services.% Regulations% that%regulate%administrative% responsibilities% and%can%

be% applied%to% doctors% in% Telemedicine%services% are% the% Regulation% of%the% Minister% of% Health%of%the%

Republic% of% Indonesia% Number% 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011% concerning% Licenses% to% Practice% and%

Implementation%of%Doctor%Practice%and%Law%No.%29%of%2004%concerning%Medical%Practice.%Article%31%

and% Article% 32% of% the% Regulation% of% the% Minister% of% Health% Number% 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011%

concerning%License%to%Practice%and%Implementation%of%Medical%Practice%which%specifies%that:%

Article%31%

a. In%the%context%of%guidance%and%supervision,%the%Head%of%the%District/City%Health%Office%may%take%

administrative%action%against%violations%of%this%Ministerial%Regulation.%

b. Administrative%sanctions%as%referred%to%in%paragraph%(1)%may%be%in%the%form%of%verbal,%written%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3343

warnings%up%to%the%revocation%of%the%SIP.%

c. The%Head%of%the%District/City%Health%Office%in%providing%administrative%sanctions%as%referred%to%

in%paragraph%(2)%can%first%hear%the%considerations%of%professional%organizations.%

Article%32%

The%Head% of%the%District/City%Health%Office% may%revoke% the%SIP%of%Doctors%and%Dentists% in%the%

following%cases:%

a. Based%on%MKDKI%recommendations.%

b. STR%Doctor%and%Dentist%revoked%by%KKI.%

c. the%place%of%practice%is%no%longer%by%its%SIP;%and/or%

d. Professional% organizations% revoked% the% recommendation% through% a% hearing% conducted%

specifically%for%it.%

Suppose%a%doctor%violates%the%regulations%related%to%authority%and%obligation%in%Law%No.%29%of%

2004%concerning%Medical%Practice.%In%that%case,%the%doctor%must%be%legally%responsible%by%obtaining%

administrative%sanctions%based%on%the%following:%

Article%66%

Any%person%who%knows%or%whose%interests%are%harmed%by%the%actions%of%a%doctor%or%dentist%in%

carrying%out%the%practice%of%medicine%may%complain%in%writing%to%the%Chairman%of%the%Honorary%Board%

of%Indonesian%Medical%Disciplines.%

Article%69%

a. The% decision% of% the% Indonesian% Medical% Discipline% Honor% Council% binds% doctors,% dentists,% and%

the%Indonesian%Medical%Council.%

b. Results%As%it%means%in%verse%(1),%gets%in%the%form%of%being%found%not%guilty%or%imposing%

disciplinary%sanctions.%

c. Disciplinary%sanctions,%as%referred%to%in%paragraph%(2),%may%be:%

1) provision%of%written%warnings.%

2) recommendation%for%revocation%of%registration%certificate%or%license%to%practice;%and/or%

3) %Obligation%to%attend%education%or%training%in%medical%or%dental%educational%institutions.%

CONCLUSION-

The%research% reveals%several% key%findings%related% to%regulating% doctors'%legal%responsibilities%in%

Telemedicine% services% within% the% Indonesian% legal% framework.% The% study% emphasizes% a% significant%

vertical% synchronization% in% the% regulations% governing% doctors'% obligations% across% various% levels% of%

Telemedicine% services,% indicating% a% foundational% alignment% between% lower% and% higher% qualifications.%

Notably,% Law% No.% 29% of% 2004% precedes% the% health% Law% of% 1992,% underscoring% a% lack% of% formal%

synchronization% between% laws% governing% medicine% and% health.% The% Constitutional% Court's% decision%

challenges% the% classification% of% health% workers% as% medical% personnel% in% telemedicine,% posing% a% legal%

question.%Furthermore,%the%delineation%of%physician%responsibility%in%telemedicine%encompasses%civil%law%

liability,%criminal%liability,%and%administrative%legal%responsibility,%as%outlined%by%various%legal%provisions.%

However,% specific% regulations% addressing% administrative% sanctions% for% doctors% in% telemedicine% services%

are% absent% in% the% current% legal% landscape.% Therefore,% there% is% a% need% for% further% development% and%

clarification% in% the% legal% framework% to% address% the% nuances% of% telemedicine% practices,% particularly% in%

relation%to%the%responsibilities%and%liabilities%of%doctors%providing%services%in%this%evolving%healthcare.%

REFERENCES-

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research!% https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%

IJSSR!Page%3344

Anwar,%A.%(2013).%Aspek%Hukum%Penggunaan%Telemedicine.%FIKI*2013,%1(1).+

Cannavacciuolo,%L.,%Capaldo,%G.,%&%Ponsiglione,%C.%(2023).%Digital%innovation%and%organizational%changes%in%

the%healthcare%sector:%Multiple%case%studies%of%telemedicine%project%implementation.%Technovation,%

120.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2022.102550%

Chauhan,%A.,%Jakhar,%S.%K.,%&%Jabbour,%C.%J.%C.%(2022).%Implications%for%sustainable%healthcare%operations%in%

embracing%telemedicine%services%during%a%pandemic.%Technological*Forecasting*and*Social*Change,%

176.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.121462%

Cushing,%M.%(2022).%What%Is%Telemedicine,%Telehealth,%and%Teletriage.%Veterinary*Clinics*of*North*America*-*

Small*Animal*Practice,%52(5),%1069–1080.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CVSM.2022.06.004%

Datta,% R.,% Singh,% A.,% &% Mishra,% P.% (2023).% A% survey% of% awareness,% knowledge,% attitude,% and% skills% of%

telemedicine%among%healthcare%professionals%in%India.%Medical*Journal*Armed*Forces*India,%79(6),%

702–709.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MJAFI.2021.08.017%

Elliott,% T.,% &% Yopes,% M.% C.% (2019).% Direct-to-Consumer% Telemedicine.% Journal* of* Allergy* and* Clinical*

Immunology:*In*Practice,%7(8),%2546–2552.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAIP.2019.06.027%

Kaplan,% B.% (2020).% REVISITING% HEALTH% INFORMATION% TECHNOLOGY% ETHICAL,% LEGAL,% and% SOCIAL%

ISSUES%and%EVALUATION:%TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE%and%COVID-19.%International*Journal*of*

Medical*Informatics,%143.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2020.104239%

Kelsen,%H.%(2019).%Teori*Hukum*Murni:*Dasar-Dasar*Ilmu*Hukum*Normatif.%Nusamedia.%

Khodadad-Saryazdi,%A.%(2021).%Exploring%the%telemedicine%implementation%challenges%through%the%process%

innovation% approach:%A%case%study% research% in% the% French% healthcare% sector.% Technovation,% 107.%

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2021.102273%

Kusumaatmadja,%M.%(2000).%Pengantar*Ilmu*Hukum:*Suatu*Pengenalan*Pertama*Ruang*Lingkup*Berlakunya*

Ilmu*Hukum*Buku*I.%

Menon,%A.%K.,%Adhya,%S.,%&%Kanitkar,%M.%(2021).%Health%technology%assessment%of%telemedicine%applications%

in% Northern% borders% of% India.% Medical* Journal* Armed* Forces* India,% 77(4),% 452–458.%

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MJAFI.2021.03.007%

Moreira,%H.%T.,%Volpe,%G.%J.,%Rezek,%U.%C.,%Mendonça,%P.%C.%de,%Teixeira,%G.%C.%de%A.,%Santos,%B.%M.%dos,%Olivieri,%A.%

P.%G.,%Chierice,%A.%J.%A.,%Monteiro,%H.%Z.,%&%Araújo,%N.%M.%de.%(2021).%Telemedicine%in%cardiology%for%

outpatient% follow-up% of% patients% at% high% cardiovascular% risk% in% response% to% the% COVID-19%

pandemic.%Arquivos*Brasileiros*de*Cardiologia,%116,%153–157.%

Notoatmodjo,%S.%(2010).%Etika*dan*Hukum*Kesehatan,*Rineka*Cipta.%Soerjono.%

Primavita,% S.,% Alawiya,% N.,% &% Afwa,% U.% (2021).% Tanggung* Jawab* Hukum* Dokter* Dalam* Pelayanan*

Telemedicine.%

Rodriguez%Socarrás,%M.,%Loeb,%S.,%Teoh,%J.%Y.%C.,%Ribal,%M.%J.,%Bloemberg,%J.,%Catto,%J.,%N’Dow,%J.,%Van%Poppel,%H.,%&%

Gómez% Rivas,% J.% (2020).% Telemedicine% and% Smart% Working:% Recommendations% of% the% European%

Association% of% Urology.% European* Urology,% 78(6),% 812–819.%

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EURURO.2020.06.031%

Rosemann,% A.,% &% Zhang,% X.% (2022).% Exploring% the% social,% ethical,% legal,% and% responsibility% dimensions% of%

artificial%intelligence%for%health%–%a%new%column%in%Intelligent%Medicine.%Intelligent*Medicine,%2(2),%

103–109.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IMED.2021.12.002%

Su,% Z.,% Li,% C.,% Fu,% H.,% Wang,% L.,% Wu,% M.,% &% Feng,% X.% (2022).% Review% of% the% development% and% prospect% of%

telemedicine.%Intelligent*Medicine.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IMED.2022.10.004%

Symeonidis,%E.%N.,%Veneziano,%D.,%Borgmann,%H.,%Zapała,%Ł.,%Zachariou,%A.,%Brenneis,%H.,%Haensel,%S.%M.,%Haas,%

H.,%&% Dimitriadis,% F.%(2023).%Telemedicine%in%Urology:% Where% Have%We% Been%and% Where%Are%We%

Heading?% European* Urology* Open* Science,% 50,% 106–112.%

International!Journal!of!Social!Service!and!Research,%%

Sanusi

,%Rediyano

,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan

,%Muhammad%Qomarddin

IJSSR!Page%3345

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EUROS.2023.02.005%

Zhang,%J.,%Lu,%Q.,%&%Shi,%L.%(2022).%The%influence%of%telemedicine%on%capacity%development%in%public%primary%

hospitals% in% China:% A% scoping% review.% Clinical* EHealth,% 5,% 91–99.%

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEH.2022.10.001%

Zhang,%W.,%He,%D.,%Wang,%G.,%Zhu,%C.,%&%Evans,%R.%(2022).%Analyzing%national%telemedicine%policies%in%China%

from% the% perspective% of% policy% instrument% (1997–2020).% International* Journal* of* Medical*

Informatics,%166.%https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2022.104854%

Sanusi,%Rediyano,%Endah%Ratna%Wulan,%Muhammad%Qomarddin%(2023)!

First!publication!rights:!

International%Journal%of%Social%Service%and%Research%(IJSSR)%

This!article!is!licensed!under:!