Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Vol.%%03,%No.%12,%December%2023%
e-ISSN:%2807-8691,|,p-ISSN:%2807-839X$
,
IJSSR,Page%3306
https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i12.650%
This%work%is%licensed%under%a%Attribution-ShareAlike%4.0%International%(CC%BY-SA%4.0)
Analysis(of(The(Level(of(Erosion(Hazard(in(The(Walanae(
Watershed(and(Land(Conservation(Directions(to(Reduce(The(
Erosion(Rate(in(The(Walanae(Watershed(
!
Firdazam1,!Sri!Sangkawati2,!Dyah!Ari!Wulandari3!
Master!of!Civil!Engineering,!Faculty!of!Engineering,!Universitas!Diponegoro,!Indonesia1,2,3%
Email:[email protected]!
Keywords$
,
ABSTRACT,
!"#$%#&'()*+,"$-,.'()*/*&*,'(0*&.(
1#&$,"2*+%#&'(3,.45,6!
%
The%Walanae%Watershed%(DAS)%is%one%of%the%Walanae%–%Cenranae%
Sub% Watersheds% in% several% districts,% including% Wajo,% Soppeng,%
Bone,%and% Maros% regencies.% The% river% flow% in% the% Walanae%
watershed% flows% from% south% to% north% and% empties% into% Lake%
Tempe,% Wajo% Regency.% The% condition% of% Lake% Tempe,% which%
continues%to%experience%silting%due%to%erosion%and%sedimentation,%
is%still% happening.%This%siltation%resulted%in%sediment%discharges%
reaching%519,000%m3/year.%This%siltation%can%cause%a%narrowing%of%
the%lake%area%and%flooding%around%Lake%Tempe.%The%purpose%of%this%
study% is% to% model% erosion% control% in% the% Walanae% watershed% to%
reduce%the%level%of%siltation%that%occurs%in%Lake%Tempe.%Analysis%of%
the%erosion%rate%of%the%Walanae%watershed%using%the%USLE%method.%
The%analysis%results%show%that%the%erosion% rate% that%occurred% in%
2000%was% 187.52% Tons%/% Ha% /%Yr,%while% in% 2022,%it% was%253.336%
Tons%/%Ha%/%Yr.%Scenarios%based%on%land%conservation%actions%can%
reduce%the%erosion%rate%by%149,034%tons/ha%/%Year.%The%scenario%
was%carried%out%by%considering%slope%classes%and%land%cover%in%the%
Walanae% watershed.% % In% flat% to% gentle% slope% conditions,% ground%
cover% crops% and% livestock% grazing% are% needed;% in% rice% fields% and%
dryland%agriculture,%rural%and%annuals% and%mulch%reinforcement%
are% needed.% Conservation% measures% are% needed% in% steep% to% very%
steep%slope%classes,%such%as%bench%terraces%and%plant%cover%crops%
for% agricultural% land% cover.% As% for% forest% areas,% permanent%
vegetation%or%agroforestry%is%needed.%
,
,
,
INTRODUCTION!
Natural!resource!management,!especially!land!and!water!resources,!has!an!increasingly!important!role!
in! using!them! sustainably! (Syarif! et! al.,! 2023).! ! The! form! of! water! problems! in! Indonesia! is! characterized! by!
environmental! conditions! that! are! not! conducive! to!accelerating!water! scarcity! (Atmojo,! 2006).! According! to!
Mawardi! (2008),! environmental! damage! is,! among! others,!caused! by! degradation! of! the! carrying! capacity! of!
upstream!watersheds!(DAS)!due!to!uncontrolled!forest!destruction!so!that!the!critical!land!area!in!Indonesia!has!
reached!18.5!million!hectares.!This!decreases!the!watershed's!ability!to!store!water!in!the!dry!season,!increasing!
the!frequency!and!magnitude!of!floods!(An!et!al.,!2022;!Hasanuzzaman!et!al.,!2023;!Li!et!al.,!2022;!Lufira!et!al.,!
2022).!High!erosion!rates!also!result!in!silting!in!reservoirs,!lakes,!and!rivers,!reducing!their!carrying!and!flowing!
capacity!(Lin!et!al.,!2023;!Samekto!&!Winata,!2010;!B.!Zhu!et!al.,!2022).!One!of!the!lakes!that!experienced!
considerable!silting!is!Lake!Tempe.!
Lake!Tempe!has!currently!undergone!intensive!silting,!and!much!of!the!effective!area!of!the!lake!has!been!
converted! to! permanent! land! (Nur,! 2019).! The! results! of! multi-time!mapping! and! interpretation! of! satellite!
imagery!(1981,!1989,!2000,!and!2015)!show!that!the!effective!area!of!the!lake!continues!to!shrink!over!time,!as!
shown!in!Figure!1.!This!effective!widespread!shrinkage!is!caused!by!high!erosion!in!the!upstream!area,!which!
causes!massive!sediment!flow!towards!the!lake!in!each!rainy!season!(Soewaeli,!2014).!High!erosion!in!the!upper!
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reaches!of!this!river!is!caused!by!the!conversion!of!large!land!areas!from!protected!forests!and!other!protected!
areas!to!dryland!plantation!cultivation!areas!(Jayathilaka! et! al.,! 2023;!Obiahu!&!Elias,! 2020;! Rakib! et!al.,!
2023;!X.!Zhu!et!al.,!2023).!!
The!catchment!area!of!Lake!Tempe!is!the!Walanae!–!Cenranae!watershed,!which!consists!of!five!sub-
watersheds,!including!the!Bila,!Wette'e,!Batu!Batu,!Padangeng,!and!Walanae!sub-watersheds.!The!largest!sub-
watershed!is!the!Walanae!watershed,!with!an!area!of!3170!km2,!while!the!sub-watershed!with!the!smallest!area!
is!the!Batu!Batu!Sub!watershed,!with!an!area!of!139!km2.!
The!Walanae!watershed!is!one!of!the!watersheds!that!affects!the!condition!of!Lake!Tempe!and!has!been!
designated!as!a!watershed!included!in!the!critical!watershed!in!the!super-priority!category!(Razak,!2020).!The!
upstream!Walanae!watershed,!with!an!area!of!3170!km2,%includes!areas!affecting!the!Lake!Tempe!system!from!
the!southern!part.!The!results!of!a!study!conducted!by!Soewali!(2014)!stated!that!the!rate!of!erosion!that!occurred!
in!the!Walanae!watershed!increased!from!384,060!m!3!/!year!based!on!the!results!of!studies!in!1976-1995!to!
1,186,142.9!m3%/!year.!
Given!that!Lake!Tempe!is!one!of!the!super-priority!lakes,!this!study!aims!to!analyze!the!magnitude!of!the!
erosion!rate!that!occurs!in!the!Walanae!watershed!and!model!erosion!control!to!reduce!the!sedimentation!rate!in!
Lake!Tempe.!
!!
METHODS!
The! research! was! conducted! on! the! Walanae!watershed! located! in! several! districts,! namely! Wajo,!
Soppeng,!Bone,!and!Maros!regencies.!Geographically!located!at!position!3º!59'!03"!-!5º!8'!45"!S!and!119°!47'!09"!
–120°!47'!03"!E.!The!Walanae!watershed!flows!from!south!to!north!and!empties!into!Lake!Tempe.!!The!Walanae!
sub-watershed!is!shown!in!Figure!2.!!
!
!
Figure!1.!Sub!watershed!that!empties!into!Lake!Tempe!
!
The!data!used!in!this!study!consisted!of!time!series!data!and!spatial!data.!Time!span!data!consists!of!daily!
rainfall!data.!Spatial!data!consists!of!attribute!data!and!object!data.!Attribute%Walanae!watershed.!Rainfall!data!
from!1995! –!2022,! soil! type,! topographic,!and!land!cover!data!in!2000!and! 2022.!Data!types!and!sources!are!
presented!in!Table!1.!
!
Table!1.!Required!data!
Data!
Source!
Picking!Method!
Walanae! Watershed!
DEM!Map!
http://tides.big.go.id/DEMNAS/!
Metadata!
Rain! and! precipitation!
station!data!
BBWS!Jeneberang!
Document!
Climate!data!
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data!
access-viewer/!
Metadata!
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IJSSR,Page%3308
Soil!type!map!
https://sig.pertanian.go.id/!
Metadata!
Soil!parameter!data!
BBWS!Jeneberang!
Document!
Land!use!map!
https://geoportal.menlhk.go.id/we
bgis/index.php/en/!
Document!
Regional!Spatial!Plan!
Bappelitbangda! South! Sulawesi!
Province!
Document!
(
Analysis!of!erosion!in!the!Walanae!watershed!was!carried!out!using!a!GIS!application!to!create!an!erosion!
hazard!level!map!layout.!Modeling!by!Prasetyo!et!al.!(2021)!revealed!that!scenarios!in!erosion!control!are!based!
on!land!conservation!directions!or!land!cover!simulations.!Thus,!erosion!control!efforts!in!the!Walanae!watershed!
use!land!conservation-based!scenarios!by!considering!the!RTRW!(Regional!Spatial!Plan).!
Erosion! prediction! is! done! using! the! Universal! Soil! Loss! (USLE)! equation.! The! maximum! soil! loss!
(erosion)!amount!is!determined!using!a!formula!developed!by!Smith!and!Wischmeier!(1978)!with!Equation!1.!
! !
!A!=!R!x!K!x!LS!x!C!x!P! ! (1)!
where!
A!=!amount!of!eroded!soil!(ton/ha/year)!
R!=!rain!erosion!(MJ/ha/year)!
K!=!soil!erodibility!
LS!=!slope!factor!and!slope!length!
C!=!plant!factor!
P!=!soil!conservation!
!
RESULTS.
In!the!erosion!rate!analysis,!several!factor!analyses!are!needed,!including!rain!erosion,!soil!erodibility,!slope!and!
slope!length!factors,!plant!factors,!and!soil!conservation.!!!
Rain!erosion!factor!(R).!
The!rain!erosion!index!is!calculated!by!the!Bols!method!(1978).!The!determination!of!value!is!determined!
from! the! amount! of! monthly! average! rainfall,! the! number! of! monthly! average! rainy! days,! and! the! maximum!
rainfall!in!the!month!concerned!(Alka,!2022).!The!data!used!are!data!from!1995!to!2020!at!5!stations.!The!R!values!
of!the!rain!data!of!the!five!stations!can!be!seen!in!Table!2.!
!
Table!2.!Erosivity!value!
Rain!station!
Rain!erosion!
(MJ.mm/ha.jm/th)!
Waeputtange!
1008!
Bancee!
1072!
Pacciro!
1444!
Tapale!
1363!
Lapajuang!
858!
!
Based! on! Table! 2,! it! is! obtained! that! the! largest! value! of! the! R! factor! (the! ability! of! rain! to! cause!
erosion/erosion!of!rain)!is!found!at!Pacciro!Station!with!a!rain!erosion!value!(R)!of!1444!MJ.mm/ha.jm/th!with!
rainfall!of!223!mm.!The!smallest!erosion!value!(R)!is!at!Lalange!Lajoa!Station,!with!a!value!of!858!MJ.mm/ha.jm/th!
with!rainfall!of!150!mm.!
Soil!erodibility!(K)!
The!distribution!of!soil!erodibility! in! the! Walanae! watershed!area!based!on!the!results!of!soil!sample!
analysis!is!presented!spatially.!The!value!of!the!soil!sensitivity!index!to!erosion!obtained!ranged!from!0.1!to!0.39.!
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The! properties! of! soil! that! determine! soil! erodibility! include! properties! that! determine! infiltration! capacity,!
permeability,!and!water-holding!power.!The!higher!the!K!value,!the!higher!the!sensitivity!of!the!soil!to!erosion!
(Hamida,!2023).!The!soil!type!and!the!value!of!the!Erodibility!of!the!Walanae!watershed!are!described!in!Table!3.!!
!
Table!3.!The!value!of!soil!erodibility!
Soil!Type!
Koef!K!
Area!(Ha)!
Percentage!
Alluvial!
0,1!
21249!
7%!
Latosol!
0,38!
90344!
30%!
Inceptisol!
0,23!
109892!
37%!
Molisol!
0,27!
2094!
1%!
Mediterranean!
0,21!
7782!
3%!
Ultisol!
0,15!
31644!
11%!
Entisol!
0,39!
19815!
7%!
!
The!dominant!soil!type!in!the!Walanae!watershed!is!inceptisol!with!a!percentage!of!42%!or!28323!ha.!The!
largest!soil!erodibility!value!(K)!is!the!latosol!soil!type!with!a!K!value!of!34330.72.!While!the!lowest!soil!erodibility!
value!is!the!type!of!molisol!soil.!
Slope!slope!(LS)!
Arsyad! (2009)!revealed! that! the! length! and! slope! of! slopes! are! two! topographic! elements! that! most!
influence!surface!flow!and!erosion.!Other!elements!that!may!have!an!effect!are!configuration,!uniformity!and!slope!
direction.! The! steeper!slope! will! further! increase! the!amount! and! velocity! of! surface! flow,!thereby! increasing!
kinetic!energy!and!increasing!the!ability!to!transport!soil!grains.!!
!
!
Figure!2.!Topography!of!Walanae!Watershed!!
!
The!slopes!in!the!Walanae!watershed!are!dominated!by!very!steep!areas!with!an!area!of!87328!ha.!The!
area!in!the!smallest!classification!is!a!flat!area!with!an!area!of!16932!ha!(Figure!2).!The!analysis!results!found!that!
the!highest!LS!value!was!in!the!>45%!category!or!a!very!steep!area!with!an!LS!value!of!829!616.!The!smallest!LS!
value! is! in! the! classification! of! 0-8%! or! flat! areas! with! an! LS! value! of! 16932! Ha! with! a! percentage! of! 39%.!
Furthermore,!in!areas!with!a!gentle!slope!of!19%!with!an!area!of!26,382!Ha.!On!a!rather!steep!slope!of!15%!with!
an!area!of!20,567!Ha.!While!on!steep!and!very!steep!slopes!of!17%!and!11%,!respectively,!with!an!area!of!23,153!
Ha!and!15,822!Ha.!
Land!cover!(C)!and!soil!management!(P)!
Factor!C!is!a!factor!that!shows!the!overall!influence!of!vegetation,!litter,!soil!surface!conditions,!and!land!
management!on!the!amount!of!eroded!soil.!At!the!same!time,!the!P!factor!is!the!ratio!between!the!average!eroded!
soil!of!land!that!receives!certain!conservation!treatment!and!the!average!eroded!soil!of!land!cultivated!without!
conservation!action!(Fahruddin!et!al.,!2022).!Land!cover!can!be!seen!in!Figures!3!and!4.!
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Land!cover!change!is!dominated!by!economic!factors!and!population!growth!(Maghriza,!2022).!
These!two!things!have!a!linear!relationship!where!the!increasing!population!will!increase!the!need!for!
food!and! shelter,! impacting!land!cover!change,!including!in!the!Walanae!watershed.!To!see!land!use!
change!in!2000!and!2022.!It!can!be!seen!in!Figure!3.!
!
!
Figure!3.!Land!cover!in!2000!
!
!
Figure!4.!Land!cover!in!2022!
!
!
Figure!5.!Addition!and!Subtraction!of!Land!Cover!Types!
Erosion!rate!(A)!
Erosion!rate!analysis!is!intended!to!predict!the!rate!of!erosion!that!occurs!on!soils!with!specific!land!use!
and!management!(Tuhepaly!et!al.,!2022).!Estimation!of!soil!erosion!in!the!Walanae!watershed!was!analyzed!in!
each!land!unit!using!parameter!values!of!soil!erosion!factors!from!the!USLE!equation.!Erosion!estimation!in!the!
Walanae!watershed!in!2000!and!2022.!The!results!of!erosion!rate!analysis!based!on!land!cover!are!then!classified!
to!obtain!erosion!hazard!class.!The!results!of!erosion!rate!analysis!in!2000!and!2022!are!presented!in!Figures!6!
and!7.!The!classification!into!erosion!hazard!classes!can!also!be!seen!in!Table!4.!
!
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!
Figure!6.!Erosion!hazard!class!of!2000!
!
!
Figure!7.!Erosion!hazard!class!of!2000!
!
Table!4!Erosion!hazard!classes!of!the!Walanae!watershed!
Class!
Area!(Ha)!
2000!
2022!
Very!Light!
34253!
39507,49!
Light!
125422!
59011,57!
Keep!
51418!
78246,78!
Heavy!
93763!
120564,22!
Very!Heavy!
11265!
9996,21!
!
Based!on!the!results!of!the!analysis,!it!was!found!that!the!erosion!class!that!dominates!in!the!Walanae!
watershed! is! in! the! Heavy! class! with! an! area! in! 2022! reaching! 120564.22! Ha.! Thus,! there! is! a! need! for! land!
conservation!efforts!to!reduce!the!rate!of!erosion!in!the!Walanae!watershed.!!
Land!conservation!directives!
Law! Number! 32! of! 2009! and! Government! Regulation! Number! 25! of! 2000! give! authority! to! manage!
natural!resources!(including!natural!resources!in!watershed!areas)!to!regions,!both!at!the!provincial!and!district!
/!city! levels.! ! Conservation! actions! with!soil! conservation! application! scenarios! by!making! terraces! in! certain!
existing! conditions! refer! to! Table! 5! related! to! slope! conservation! actions.! ! Spatial! analysis! showing! land!
conservation!use!areas!can!be!seen!in!Figure!8.!
!
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!
Figure!8.!Land!Conservation!Directive!
!
Dryland!agricultural!areas!with!rather!steep!slope!conditions!applied!good!bench!terrace!conservation!
measures.!Cultivation!areas!are!carried!out!the!application!of!annuals!with!rotational!or!intercropping!equipped!
with! bench! terraces,! while! in! slope! conditions! and! forest! areas! with! permanent! ground! cover! crops!
(agroforestry).!Firman!(2022)!states!that!land!management!with!slope!limiting!factors!against!erosion!can!be!
overcome!by!applying!mechanical!soil!conservation.!Land!use!that!has!steep!slopes!is!recommended!to!be!used!
as!a!permanent!vegetation!area!and!forest,!so!that!the!destructive!power!of!rain!on!the!soil!is!reduced.!!
!
Table!5.!Land!Conservation!based!on!LS!values!
LS!
Types!of!Land!
Cover!
Conservation!Measures!
A!
B!
<15!
Settlement!
Grass!planting,!5#2,"(5"#77%&8!and!
cattle!grazing!
0,6!
0,05!
Dryland!
farming!
Ground!cover!varies!with!Medium!
density!
0,1!
0,05!
Rice!fields!
Rorak!and!$+"%7(5"#77%&8!
0,15!
0,05!
15!-!30!
Settlement!
Grass!planting,!5#2,"(5"#77%&8!and!
cattle!grazing!
0,6!
0,05!
Rice!fields!
Rorak!and!$+"%7(5"#77%&8!
0,15!
0,05!
Settlement!
Grass!planting,!5#2,"(5"#77%&8!and!
cattle!grazing!
0,6!
0,05!
Dryland!
farming!
Annuals,! mulch! and! livestock!
boosters!
0,1!
0,05!
31!-!45!
Rice!fields!
Rorak,!vertical!mulch!and!Guludan!
terrace! including(8"*.,.( 5#&+#4"(
94&.!
0,15!
0,04!
!
Open!Ground!
Ground! cover! planting! or! grass!
planting!
0,35!
0,04!
Dryland!
farming!
Perennial! plants,! gulud! terraces,!
rorak!and! mulch! as! well! as! the!
application!of!bench!terraces!
0,1!
0,04!
>45!
Secondary!
Forest!Area!
Agroforestry! (permanent!
vegetation)!
0,003!
0,04!
Dryland!
farming!
Perennial! plants,! gulud! terraces,!
rorak!and! mulch! as! well! as! the!
application!of!bench!terraces!
0,1!
0,04!
!
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Land!conservation! measures!can! reduce! the! area! of!each! erosion!rate! class.!The! erosion! class! that! is!
classified!as!heavy!has!reduced!in!area!from!120564!Ha!to!68553!Ha.!Reductions!in!each!erosion!hazard!class!can!
be!seen!in!Table!6!and!Figure!9.!
!
Table!6.!Reduced!erosion!rate!based!on!land!conservation!measures!
Class!
Year!2022!
Conservation!Measures!
Erosion!Rate!
(Ton/Ha/yr)!
Area!
(Ha)!
Erosion!Rate!
(Ton/Ha/yr)!
Area!
(Ha)!
Very!
Light!
10,259!
39507,49!
4,83!
38362!
Light!
33,635!
59011,57!
27,89!
101450!
Keep!
97,165!
78246,78!
68,90!
96070!
Heavy!
234,893!
120564!
163,55!
68553!
Very!
Heavy!
561,678!
9996,21!
480,00!
2890,96!
Average!
253,336!
307326!
149,034!
307326!
!
!
Figure!9.!Erosion!rate!decline!graph!
Discussion!
Conservation!actions!with!soil!conservation!application!scenarios!by!making!terraces!in!certain!
existing!conditions! which! refer! to! slope!conservation!actions.! Dryland! agricultural!areas!with! rather!
steep!slope!conditions!applied!good!bench!terrace!conservation!measures.!Cultivation!areas!are!carried!
out! the! application! of! annuals! with! rotation! or! intercropping! equipped! with! good! bench! terraces!
Agroforestry!cultivation!areas!are!applied!with!medium!bench!terraces!on!slope!conditions!and!forest!
areas!with!permanent!ground!cover!plants.!Harjianto!(2018)!stated!that!land!management!with!slope!
limiting!factors!against!erosion!can!be!overcome!by!applying!mechanical!soil!conservation.!Land!use!
that!has!steep!slopes!is!recommended!to!be!used!as!a!permanent!vegetation!area!and!forest,!so!that!the!
destructive!power!of!rain!on!the!soil!is!reduced.!!
!Scenarios!with!the!concept!of!land!cover!conservation!actions!against!erosion!estimation!in!the!
Walanae!watershed!can!be!a!reference!used!in!watershed!management!planning!that!considers!erosion!
rates.!Land!cover!as!a!vegetation!factor!can!reduce!the!kinetic!energy!of!rain!through!stratified!headers,!
rainwater!interception,!stem!flows,!header!droplets,!and!canopy!escapes!to!reduce!surface!flow!speed!
and!water-destroying!power!by!roots!and!plant!litter!remnants!(Nurazzi!et!al.,!2021).!
There!is!a!significant!decrease!in!erosion!rates!from!land!with!very!high!and!high!erosion!hazard!
levels!with!efforts!to!determine!alternative!land!cover!and!soil!conservation!actions!based!on!existing!
conditions!in!the!Walanae!watershed!area.!Land!cover!has!decreased!the!estimation!of!erosion!rates!
with! the! application! of! mixed! garden! crop! management! of! medium! density! and! good! quality! bench!
terrace! conservation! measures! on! steep! slope! conditions.! Agricultural! areas! with! the! application! of!
annuals! in! the! pattern! of! intercropping! /! intercropping! are! equipped! with! good! bench! terraces.!
International,Journal,of,Social,Service,and,Research,%https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/%
IJSSR,Page%3314
Mahendro! (2015)!stated! that! land! management! with! slope-limiting! factors! against! erosion! could!be!
overcome!by!applying!technical!soil!conservation!with!plant!reinforcement.!Land!that!has!steep!slopes,!
the!use!of!land!is!recommended!to!be!used!as!a!permanent!vegetation!area!and!forest.!!
Erosion! control! scenarios! with! land! conservation! measures! can! reduce! the! rate! of! erosion!
classes!in!various!erosion!hazard!classes,!including!the!Heavy!class,!from!an!area!of!120564,!22!Ha!to!
68553!Ha.!!Thus,!Land!Cover!using!conservation!measures!becomes!the!best!scenario!for!erosion!control!
in!the!Walanae!watershed.!
!
CONCLUSION.
Analysis!of!the!erosion!rate!obtained!from!the!Walanae!watershed!in!2000!was!187.52!Tons!/!Ha!/!Yr,!
while!in!2022,!it! was!253.336!Tons! /!Ha!/!Yr.! Based!on!the! scenario,!it!was! found!that!land! cover!using!land!
conservation!measures!can!reduce!the!erosion!rate!in!various!erosion!classes.!In!flat!to!gentle!slope!conditions,!
ground!cover!crops!and!livestock!grazing!are!needed;!in!rice!fields!and!dryland!agriculture,!rural!and!annuals!and!
mulch!reinforcement!are!needed.!In!steep!to!very!steep!slope!classes,!conservation!measures!are!needed,!bench!
terraces! and! plant! cover! crops! for! agricultural! land! cover.! As! for! forest! areas,! permanent! vegetation! or!
agroforestry!is!needed.!With!the!implementation!of!conservation!measures!in!the!Walanae!watershed,!it!reduced!
the!erosion!rate!by!149,034!tons/ha/year.!
!
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