Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
!"#$%%&'(%)"$%*+(%,-.-/0-1%+&+'%
e-!""#2%$%&'(%)*+,-,p-!""#2%$%&'(%.*/$
,
!0""1,345-%.+'&
!""#$%&&'()*(+,&-.*/0122&)3$$+*45)-6*0627
This%work%is%licensed%under%a%Attribution-ShareAlike%4.0%International%(CC%BY-SA%4.0)
Application*of*Air*Deck*Method*to*Reduce*the*Impact*of*
Ground*Vibration*and*Optimization*of*Limestone*
Fragment*Size*in*Blasting*Activities*at*PT*Semen*Baturaja*
(Persero),*Tbk.*
,
234567,896:5,;<,=63>3,?49@3A396B<,8C6D3E,!>F3>3"
678785%98578--1785(%:4.;#<=%">%98578--1785(%?87@-1A7<4A%B17C7D4=4%B;/4<-14%B-#4<48(%E8F"8-A741,2,3%
9G/47#2%%<4;>7H417->I><$;8A17$4.$7F%%
G:DHI9JA,
,
8K"218L2,
Air$Deck,$Fragmentation,$Ground$
Vibration,$Blasting.%
$
8!97 :)9;'7 9<#9+)=9>"7 (:7 ?##;@)>,7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!('7 "(7 "!97
;)=9$"(>97C;?$")>,7?A")4)")9$7(:7D87E9=9>7F?"G+?3?7HD9+$9+(IJ7?)=$7
"(7+9'GA97"!97)=#?A"7(:7,+(G>'74)C+?")(>7A(>$)'9+)>,7"!?"7=)>)>,7
?A")4)")9$7?+97?##+(?A!)>,7+9$)'9>")?;7?+9?$*7K>7?'')")(>J7"!97$)L97(:7
"!97:+?,=9>"?")(>7(:7"!97C;?$")>,7+9$G;"$7)$749+@7)=#(+"?>"7:(+7"!97
9::9A")49>9$$7(:7"!97A+G$!)>,7#;?>"*78(7'9"9+=)>97"!979::9A")49>9$$7
(:7 "!97 ?##;)A?")(>7 (:7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!('7 )>7 ;)=9$"(>97 =)>)>,7
HMG?++@IJ7C;?$")>,7#;?>>)>,7?A")4)")9$7?+97 A?++)9'7(G"7 C@7 ')4)')>,7
"!97 "N(7 C;?$")>,7 ;(A?")(>$J7 >?=9;@7 C;?$")>,7 N)"!7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7
=9"!('7?>'7N)"!(G"7G$)>,7?>7?)+7'9AB*7F@7G$)>,7?7L),OL?,7C;?$")>,7
#?""9+>7?>'7 "!97 >G=C9+7 (:7 !(;9$7 (:7P.7QCJ7 "!97 '9#"!7 (:7 "!97'+);;7
!(;9$7)$727=9"9+$7HN)"!(G"7?)+7'9ABI7?>'7-57=9"9+$7?>'7"!97"@#97(:7
9<#;($)497 G$9'7 )$7 R(>9;*7 S+(=7 "!97 +9$G;"$7 (:7 "!97 ?>?;@$)$7 (:7
;)=9$"(>97C;?$")>,7N)"!7'?"?7#+(A9$$)>,7G$)>,7"!97$#;)"7'9$B"(#76*.7
'9=(7 ?##;)A?")(>J7 "!97 ,+(G>'7 4)C+?")(>7 4?;G97 H=)A+(=?"9+7
$@$"9=I7 N?$7 (C"?)>9'*7 8!97 ?49+?,97 4?;G97 (:7 ,+(G>'7 4)C+?")(>7
H#TEI7 $!(N$7 ?7 $=?;;9+7 4?;G97 G$)>,7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!('7 (:7 .*0U7
==&$9A7 N!);97 N)"!(G"7 ?)+7 '9AB7 (:7 .*1/7 ==&$9A*7 8!97 +9$G;"$7 (:7
;)=9$"(>97 :+?,=9>"?")(>7 ?>?;@$)$7 N)"!7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!('7
(C"?)>9'7$)L97V1PA=7+9?A!9'72-*25WJ7N!);97:(+7N)"!(G"7?)+7'9AB7
)"7N?$7U.*61W*78!9$97+9$G;"$7$!(N7"!?"7"!97?)+7'9AB7=9"!('7A?>7C97
?##;)9'7 ?$7 ?7 =9"!('7 "(7 ?$$)$"7 "!97 X(=#?>@7 )>7 +9'GA)>,7 ,+(G>'7
4)C+?")(>7?>'7;)=9$"(>97:+?,=9>"?")(>79::9A")49;@7?>'79::)A)9>";@7
C@7A(>$)'9+)>,7>?"G+?;7:?A"(+$7)>A;G')>,7,9(,+?#!)A?;7:?A"(+$*7
,
,
,
INTRODUCTION)
3J% B-/-8% K4<;14D4% L3-1A-1"M% J0H$% 7A% 4% ."/N48=% C7<O% 78F;A<174#% ."//"F7<7-A% 78% <O-% .-/-8<%
A-.<"1$% JO-% N1".-AA-F% N1"F;.<% 7A% #7/-A<"8-$% P7/-A<"8-% 1-/"@4#% 4.<7@7<7-A% 41-% .4117-F% ";<% ;A785% <C"%
/-<O"FA(% 84/-#=% ;A785% <O-% Q71<5-8% ++&&% B;1>4.-% 678-1% <""#% 48F% F17##785% 48F% 0#4A<785% 4.<7@7<7-A$% E8%
0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A(%<O-1-%41-%/48=%17AHA%<O4<%.48%0-%.4;A-F%4A%4%>"1/%">%->>-.<%>1"/%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A(%
"8-%">%CO7.O%7A%51";8F%@7014<7"8%LR;7%-<%4#$(%+&+'S%3""15O4A-/%T%K4"(%+&+'S%U48%-<%4#$(%+&+&M$%%
V<% 3J% B-/-8% K4<;14D4% L3-1A-1"M% J0H(% <O-% ."8F7<7"8% ">% <O-% 0#4A<785% #".4<7"8% 7A% @-1=% .#"A-% <"%
1-A7F-8<74#% 41-4A% A"% <O4<% A"/-<7/-A% <O-1-% 41-% A"/-% 78N;<A% >1"/% <O-% #".4#% ."//;87<=% 1-541F785% <O-%
7/N4.<%">%51";8F%@7014<7"8%7<A-#>$%JO7A%>4.<"1%4#A"%0-."/-A%"8-%">%<O-%N17"17<7A-F%>".;A-A%4A%48%7/N4.<%">%
0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A$%
JO-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A%."8A7F-1-F%.4N40#-%">%1-F;.785%<O-%7/N4.<%">%51";8F%@7014<7"8%5-8-14<-F%
0=%<O-%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<=%7<A-#>%LV>14A740748%-<%4#$(%+&+*S%W41-7%-<%4#$(%+&++M$%JO-%.;11-8<%."8F7<7"8%">%<O-%
0#4A<785%#".4<7"8%7A%@-1=%.#"A-%<"%1-A7F-8<74#%41-4A(%A"%7<%7A%O"N-F%<O4<%<O-%;<7#7A4<7"8%">%<O7A%/-<O"F%.48%
0-%;A->;#%>"1%/;<;4#%0-8->7<%48F%A4>-<=%LRO-85%-<%4#$(%+&++S%,785%-<%4#$(%+&+'M$%E8%4FF7<7"8%<"%;A785%<O-%471%
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME(%%
J4;>7H%V17->%X(%,7484%3;104A417Y(%V#7=4O%E8<483%
!0""1,345-%.+'+
F-.H%/-<O"F(%7<%7A%4#A"%;A-F%<"%1-5;#4<-%<O-%8;/0-1%">%AO""<785A%F-N-8F785%"8%<O-%8;/0-1%">%0#4A<%O"#-A%
4AA-/0#-F%78%"8-%A-17-A(%CO7.O%1485-A%>1"/%4%F"Z-8%O"#-A%78%*%A-17-A%"1%.48%0-%.4##-F%<O-%4NN#7.4<7"8%">%
E87<74<7"8%3"78<%LE3M$%%
JO7A%/-<O"F%7A%F"8-%A"%<O4<%<O-%@7014<7"8%7A%F71-.<-F%4C4=%>1"/%1-A7F-8<A[%O"/-A%A"%<O4<%"8#=%
<O-%1-A7F;4#%@7014<7"8%>1"/%<O-%0#4A<785%#-4FA%<"%1-A7F-8<A[%O"/-A%CO-1-%<O-%@7014<7"8%7A%4%@7014<7"8%C7<O%
4%#"C%@7014<7"8%#-@-#%L\4/4FO48%-<%4#$(%+&+&M$%JO7A%/-<O"F%7A%.4117-F%";<%A"%<O4<%<O-%@7014<7"8%7A%F71-.<-F%
4C4=%>1"/%1-A7F-8<A[%O"/-A%A"%<O4<%"8#=%<O-%1-A7F;4#%@7014<7"8% >1"/%<O-%0#4A<785%#-4FA%<"%1-A7F-8<A[%
O"/-A%CO-1-%<O-%@7014<7"8%7A%4%@7014<7"8%C7<O%4%#"C%@7014<7"8%#-@-#%LKO454F-%-<%4#$(%+&+*S%P";%-<%4#$(%
+&+&M%JO-%<=N-%">%-]N#"A7@-%;A-F%7A%,40-]$%,40-]%7A%4%/7]<;1-%">%V//"87;/%)7<14<-%48F%-/;#A7"8%78%4%
14<7"%">%'&^%48F%_&^%L\-Z4-78-AO4<%-<%4#$(%+&+&M$%,40-]%-]N#"A7@-A%41-%AO"C8%78%:75;1-%*$%
,40-]%7<A-#>%7A%F7A<170;<-F%;A785%4%AN-.74#%<""#%.4##-F%6"07#-%648;>4.<;1785%J1;.H%L66JM$%JO7A%
<""#%.48%<148AN"1<%,40-]%;N%<"%`&&&%H5$%JO-%6"07#-%648;>4.<;1785%J1;.H%L66JM%.48%0-%A--8%78%:75;1-%
+$%E8%.411=785%";<%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A(%3J%B6K\%4NN#7-A%<O-%<"N%471%F-.H%/-<O"F$%6-48CO7#-(%<O-%471%F-.H%
/-F74%;A-F%0=%3J%,VaV)V%78%.411=785%";<%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%4<%3J%B6K\%7A%78%<O-%>"1/%">%K'%C4A<-%
N1"F;.<A%A;.O%4A%;A-F%.-/-8<%A4.HA%48F%;A-F%N#4A<7.%V):b%N4.H45785$%JO7A%471%F-.H%/-F74%7A%;A-F%4A%48%
788"@4<7"8%78% C4A<-% ;<7#7A4<7"8% 4<% 3J$% B6K\$% V8% 7##;A<14<7"8% ">% <O-% ;A-% ">% <O-% <"N% 471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A%
4<<4.O-F%78%:75;1-%'%Lc40C-%T%K48F4(%+&*dM$%
K4A-F%"8%B)E%_`_*e+&*&(%>"1%<O-%41-4%41";8F%<O-%/78785%A7<-%C7<O%/4A"81=%48F%.-/-8<%/"1<41%
0;7#F785%<=N-A(%78.#;F785%0;7#F785A%C7<O%C""F-8%>";8F4<7"8A%48F%.-/-8<%/"1<41%>#""1A(%7<%7A%F-<-1/78-F%
<O4<% <O-% /4]7/;/% 0#4A<785% @7014<7"8% <O1-AO"#F% 7A% '% //eA% Lc4A07##4O% -<% 4#$(% +&+'S% P7;% -<% 4#$(% +&+'M$%
E8F"8-A748%f"@-18/-8<%1-5;#4<7"8A%5"@-18785%<O-%4/";8<%">%51";8F%@7014<7"8%4##"C-F%<"%0;7#F785A%.48%
0-%A--8%78%J40#-%*%La;F4@-1F7%T%VH=7#F7Z(%+&+*M$%
E8%4FF7<7"8(%04A-F% "8% "<O-1% 1-A-41.O(%7<%7A%H8"C8%<O4<%<O-%;A-%">%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A% 4#A"%
->>-.<7@-%78%/4H785%<O-%>145/-8<4<7"8%">%0#4A<785%1-A;#<A%/"1-%;87>"1/%<O48%<O-%."8@-8<7"84#%0#4A<785%
/-<O"F$% JO7A% 7A% 0-.4;A-% <O7A% /-<O"F% /4]7/7Z-A% <O-% 0#4A<785% -8-15=% 78% <O-% 0#4A<% O"#-% A"% <O4<% CO-8%
0#4A<785%7A%.4117-F%";<(%<O-%1-A;#<785%>145/-8<4<7"8%C7##%N1"F;.-%>-C%0";#F-1A$%
%
METHODS)
JO-%1-A-41.O%C4A%."8F;.<-F%>"1%4NN1"]7/4<-#=%d%C--HA%4<%<O-%/78785%A7<-%">%3J%B-/-8%K4<;14D4%
L3-1A-1"M%J0H$%JO-%#".4<7"8%48F%."8@-=48.-%">%<O-%3J%B-/-8%K4<;14D4%L3-1A-1"M%J0H$%41-4%.48%0-%A--8%
78%:75;1-%*$%
,
O6P49:,+Q,RIM3F6I>,S3T,3>J,LI>N:D3>M:,89:3,I5,?2,":U:>,K3F493V3,W?:9A:9IX,2@7Q,
JO-%1-A-41.O%<""#A%48F%-g;7N/-8<%;A-F%>".;A%"8%<O-%<""#A%8--F-F%78%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%78.#;F785%
-#-.<17.%F-<"84<"1A(%A;1>4.-%F-#4=(%78%O"#-%F-#4=(%#-4F%C71-(%0#4A<785%/4.O78-(%"O/%/-<-1%48F%/7.1"/4<-$%
JO-%8-.-AA41=%F4<4%C-1-%."##-.<-F%;A785%F71-.<%"0A-1@4<7"8%/-<O"F%">%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%78%<O-%>7-#F$%%
317/41=% F4<4% 78% <O7A% A<;F=% 41-% 0#4A<785% 5-"/-<1=(% .4#.;#4<7"8% ">% 51";8F% @7014<7"8% @4#;-(% 48F%
F".;/-8<4<7"8%">% >145/-8<4<7"8%">%0#4A<785%1-A;#<A%">% 471%F-.H%48F% 8"8G471%F-.H%/-<O"FA$%QO7#-%<O-%
A-."8F41=%F4<4%41-%<O-%.O414.<-17A<7.A%48F%AN-.7>7.4<7"8A%">%#7/-A<"8-(%<O-%<=N-%">%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%;A-F%
48F%<O-%AN-.7>7.4<7"8A%">%-]N#"A7@-A$%
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME,%O<<NA2ee7DAA1$17FC4878A<7<;<-$."$7Fe%
!0""1,345-%.+'$
JO-%1-A-41.O%A4/N#785%C4A%."8F;.<-F%0=%F7@7F785%<O-%0#4A<785%#".4<7"8% 78<"% <C"(% 84/-#=% <O-%
#".4<7"8% C7<O% 471% F-.H% 48F% C7<O";<% 471% F-.H$% JO-A-% <C"% A4/N#-% #".4<7"8A% 41-% /41H-F% C7<O% 4%
N1-F-<-1/78-F%0#4A<785%N#48%CO7.O%7A%<O-8%4FD;A<-F%0-<C--8%<O-%0#4A<785%N#48%48F%<O-%4.<;4#%."8F7<7"8A%
4<%<O-%0#4A<785%A7<-$%
JO-%A-N414<7"8%7A%4#A"%F"8-%;A785%4%A4>-<=%#78-%<"%>4.7#7<4<-%<O-%7F-8<7>7.4<7"8%">%>145/-8<4<7"8%
4><-1%<O-%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<=%7A%."/N#-<-F%<"%"0<478%."/N414<7@-%F4<4%"8%<O-%>145/-8<4<7"8%">%<O-%0#4A<785%
1-A;#<A%">%<O-%471%F-.H%48F%8"8G471%F-.H%/-<O"FA$%E8%<O-%N1".-AA%">%/-4A;1785%51";8F%@7014<7"8%@4#;-A(%
3J% B6K\% ;A-A% 4% /7.1"/4<-$% JO7A% <""#% .48% 0-% ;A-F% <"% .4N<;1-% '% <=N-A% ">% C4@-A(% 84/-#=% @-1<7.4#(%
<148A@-1A-%48F%#"857<;F784#$%:1"/%<O-A-%<O1--%C4@-A(%<O-%1-A;#<785%@7014<7"8%@4#;-%.4#.;#4<7"8%C7##%0-%
"0<478-F%"1%CO4<%.48%0-%.4##-F%<O-%3-4H%!-.<"1%B;/%L3!BM$%JO-%51";8F%@7014<7"8%@4#;-%/-4A;1-/-8<%
<""#%7A%AO"C8%78%:75;1-%`%LVN1748A=4O%T%\4/#7(%+&+'M$%
%
,
O6P49:,$Q,"49N:D,3>J,56:CJ,U:3A49:U:>F,3MF6N6F6:A,W3X,3>J,FE:,S6M9IU3F:,Y6@93F6I>,
S:3A49:U:>F,2IIC,W?49H3>6>PA6E<,8Q,$&$.X,W@X,
V><-1%<O-%F4<4%7A%"0<478-F(%<O-%8-]<%484#=A7A%7A%.4117-F%";<%78%#78-%C7<O%<O-%"0D-.<7@-A%">%<O-%A<;F=$%
JO-%484#=A7A%C4A%.4117-F%";<%78%<O-%>"1/%">%484#=A7A%">%51";8F%@7014<7"8%@4#;-A%N1"F;.-F%0=%471%F-.H%48F%
8"8G471%F-.H%/-<O"FA(%."/N417A"8%">%51";8F%@7014<7"8%@4#;-A%C7<O%/-4A;1-/-8<%F7A<48.-(%."/N417A"8%
484#=A7A% ">% <O-% 4@-145-% >145/-8<4<7"8% ">% 0#4A<785% 1-A;#<A% ">% 471% F-.H% 48F% 8"8G471% F-.H% /-<O"FA% 48F%
484#=A7A%">%<O-%78>#;-8.-%">%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%"8%<O-%;A-%">%-]N#"A7@-A%48F%A<-//785$,
,
RESULTS)
JO-%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%.4117-F%";<%4<%3J%B6K\%7/N#-/-8<%<O-%-.O-#"8%.;<%0#4A<785%N4<<-18%78%<O-%
-]-.;<7"8%">%7<A%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A$%JO7A%-.O-#"8%.;<%N4<<-18%7A%;A-F%0-.4;A-%<O-%0#4A<%41-4%7A%.#"A-%<"%
1-A7F-8<74#%41-4A%A"%<O4<%C7<O%<O7A%N4<<-18%<O-%@7014<7"8%"0<478-F%C7##%0-%/787/7Z-FQ%E8%<O-%0#4A<785%<O4<%
7A%.4117-F%";<(%;A;4##=%<O-%8;/0-1%">%1"CA%">%0#4A<%."#;/8A%7A%+G'%1"CA$%JO-%A<45-A%">%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%
.4117-F%";<%4<%3J%B6K\%41-%-]N#"A7@-%F7A<170;<7"8(%N17/785(%.O415785(%A<-//785(%4AA-/0#=%48F%>71785$%
JO-%A<45-A%">%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%41-%#7A<-F%78%:75;1-%'$%
%
%
%
,
,
,
,
,
,
O6P49:,.Q,"F3P:A,I5,KC3AF6>P,8MF6N6F6:A,
%
JO-% 1-A;#<A% ">% *`% @7014<7"8% /-4A;1-/-8<A% AO"C% <O4<% <O-% /-4A;1-/-8<% F7A<48.-% >1"/% <O-%
0#4A<785%#".4<7"8%@417-A%0-<C--8%+d+G`*h%/-<-1A%>"1%0#4A<785%;A785%48%471%F-.H%48F%+d+G`'`%/-<-1A%>"1%
0#4A<785%C7<O";<%48%471%F-.H$%E<%C4A%4#A"%>";8F%<O4<%<O-%51";8F%@7014<7"8%L3!BM%@4#;-%4#A"%@417-F%0-<C--8%
Priming
Distribusi
Handak
Charging
Perangkaian
FIRING
Stemming
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME(%%
J4;>7H%V17->%X(%,7484%3;104A417Y(%V#7=4O%E8<483%
!0""1,345-%.+'.
&$'_%G%*$*'%//eA%>"1%<O-%0#4A<785%/-<O"F%;A785%471%F-.H%48F%&$i*%G%+$`j%//eA%>"1%<O-%0#4A<785%/-<O"F%
C7<O";<%471%F-.H$%,4<4%>1"/%<O-%F7A<48.-%."/N417A"8%@4#;-%48F%4#A"%<O-%51";8F%@7014<7"8%@4#;-%.48%0-%
A--8%78%:75;1-%_%>"1%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%48F%:75;1-%d%>"1%<O-%8"8G471%F-.H%/-<O"F$%
$
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
O6P49:,ZQLIUT396AI>,LE39F,I5,?Y",Y3C4:,3>J,=6AF3>M:,S:3A49:J,@D,869,=:M7,S:FEIJ,
%
,
O6P49:,[Q,LIUT396AI>,LE39F,I5,?Y",Y3C4:,3>J,=6AF3>M:,S:3A49:U:>F,I5,#I>,869,=:M7,S:FEIJ,
,
,4<4% A<4<7A<7.A% AO"C% <O4<% /"A<% ">% <O-% F4<4% "8% <O-% F7A<48.-% 0-<C--8% 0#4A<785% #".4<7"8A% 48F%
@7014<7"8%/-4A;1-/-8<A%41-% #-AA% <O48% `&&% /%L:75;1-%hM$%JO-%F7>>-1-8.-%78%F7A<48.-%7A%.4;A-F% 0=% <O-%
/-4A;1-/-8<%#".4<7"8A%0-785%A-<%4<%<C"%N"78<A%"8#=(%0-.4;A-%<O-%/478%>".;A%">%@7014<7"8%/-4A;1-/-8<%
7A%<"%/787/7Z-%48F%1";<78-#=%."8<1"#%<O-%7/N4.<%">%@7014<7"8A%5-8-14<-F%"8%#".4#%1-A7F-8<A(%A"%@7014<7"8%
/-4A;1-/-8<%N"78<A%41-%<4H-8%78%<O-%@7.787<=%">%1-A7F-8<A[%O"/-A$%
O6P49:,)Q,"35:,KC3AF6>P,=6AF3>M:,59IU,":FFC:U:>F,W?2,":U:>,K3F493V3,W?:9A:9IX,2@7Q<,$&$$X,
,
b8-%">%<O-%C4=A% <"% /787/7Z-% <O-% 7/N4.<%<O4<%"..;1A% F;-% <"% <O-% #".4<7"8%<O4<% 7A% @-1=% .#"A-% <"%
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME,%O<<NA2ee7DAA1$17FC4878A<7<;<-$."$7Fe%
!0""1,345-%.+'Z
A-<<#-/-8<A%7A%<"%F7@7F-%<O-%0#4A<785%#".4<7"8%78<"%A-@-14#%Z"8-A$%JO-%Z"8-%<O4<%7A%#-AA%<O48%+&&%/-<-1A%
>1"/%<O-%A-<<#-/-8<%7A%.4##-F%<O-%1-F%Z"8-$%QO-1-%78%<O7A%Z"8-(%8"%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<7-A%41-%.4117-F%";<%0;<%
1-N#4.-F%;A785%4%5178F785%<""#%>"1%#7/-A<"8-(%84/-#=%B;1>4.-%678-1$%
,".;/-8<4<7"8%">%>145/-8<4<7"8%">%0#4A<785%1-A;#<A%"0<478-F%4><-1%<O-%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<=%7A%A4>-%
48F% ."/N#-<-F$%:145/-8<4<7"8% A4/N#-A% >1"/% %<O4<% C7##% 0-% 484#=Z-F% 78% 0#".H% ih%JO-% .4#.;#4<7"8% ">%
>145/-8<4<7"8%F7A<170;<7"8%7A%F"8-%C7<O%BN#7<%,-AH<"N%+$&%,-/"%4NN#7.4<7"8$%
%
O6P49:,'Q,R6U:AFI>:,O93PU:>F3F6I>,"3UTC:KC3AF6>P,1:A4CFA,6>,KCIM7,Z*,
%
R4#.;#4<7"8% ">% 1".H% >145/-8<4<7"8% F7A<170;<7"8% ">% 0#4A<785% 1-A;#<A% ;A785% BN#7<% ,-AH<"N% +$&%
4NN#7.4<7"8$%JO-%F-/"%7A%"0<478-F%0=%A-#-.<785%<O-%NO"<"(%<O-8%78N;<<785%<O-%."/N417A"8%A.4#-%@4#;-(%
<O-8%F-#78-4<785(%4><-1%F-#78-4<785(%514NOA%48F%";<N;<%41-%N-1>"1/-F%<"%"0<478%<O-%1-A;#<A%">%<O-%0#4A<785%
>145/-8<4<7"8%F7A<170;<7"8$%JO-%1-A;#<A%">%<O-%.4#.;#4<7"8%">%<O-%N-1.-8<45-%">%>145/-8<4<7"8%N4AA407#7<=%
">%<O-%0#4A<785%1-A;#<A%;A785%<O-%BN#7<%,-AH<"N%+$&%,-/"%4NN#7.4<7"8%"8%<O-%0#".H%ih%0#4A<785%A4/N#-%41-%
AO"C8%78%:75;1-%d$%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
O6P49:,%Q,?:9M:>F3P:,L3CM4C3F6I>,1:A4CF,O93PU:>F3F6I>,?3AA3P:,I5,KC3AF6>P,1:A4CFA,6>,KCIM7,Z*,
%
:1"/%<O-%"@-14##%.4#.;#4<7"8%.4117-F%";<%"8%'&%>145/-8<4<7"8%F4<4%>1"/%<O-%471%F-.H%48F%8"8G471%
F-.H%0#4A<785%/-<O"FA(%>"1%F4<4%C7<O%4%F74/-<-1%">%k_`%./(%<O-%4@-145-%>145/-8<4<7"8%N4AA%14<-%;A785%
<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A%h*$h'^%48F%<O-%4@-145-%>145/-8<4<7"8%N4AA%14<-%">%<O-%8"8G471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A%
d&$+_^$%
JO-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%4#A"%4>>-.<A%<O-%;A-%">%-]N#"A7@-A%48F%A<-//785%<7/-$%JO-%1-A-41.O%AO"CA%
<O4<%<O-%;A-%">%-]N#"A7@-A%>"1%8"1/4#%0#4A<%O"#-A%7A%40";<%_Gd%H5%N-1%/-<-1%">%0#4A<%O"#-(%A"%<O4<%>"1%<O-%
#-85<O%">%<O-%>7##%."#;/8%4<%<O-%3J%B6K\%0#4A<785%A7<-(%CO7.O%7A%+%/-<-1A%#"85(%4NN1"]7/4<-#=%*iG*j%H5%">%
-]N#"A7@-A%41-%8--F-F%>"1% "8-% O"#-$%?A785% <O-% 471% F-.H% /-<O"F% /-48A% 1-F;.785% <O-% #-85<O%">% <O-% >7##%
."#;/8%A"%<O4<%4%0#4A<%O"#-%<O4<%787<74##=%1-g;71-A%*iG*j%H5%">%-]N#"A7@-A%>"1%-4.O%0#4A<%O"#-(%0-.4;A-%<O-%
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME(%%
J4;>7H%V17->%X(%,7484%3;104A417Y(%V#7=4O%E8<483%
!0""1,345-%.+'[
#-85<O%">%<O-%>7##%."#;/8%7A%1-F;.-F(%<O-%8--F%>"1%-]N#"A7@-A%;A785%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%7A%4#A"%1-F;.-F%<"%
41";8F%**$+`G*+%H5%>"1%"8-%0#4A<%O"#-$%
K#4A<785% ;A785% -/;#A7"8% -]N#"A7@-A% 1-g;71-A% <7/-% >"1% 54AA785% "1% F-8A7<=% 4FD;A</-8<% ">% <O-%
-/;#A7"8%78%<O-%0#4A<%O"#-$%B"%C7<O";<%48%471%F-.H(%;A;4##=%4><-1%.O415785(%4NN1"]7/4<-#=%*`%/78;<-A%C7##%
0-%57@-8%>"1%<O-%-/;#A7"8%<"%-]N48F%L54AA785M$%E>%;A785%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F(%C7<O%<O-%471%."#;/8%.1-4<-F%
78%<O-%0#4A<%O"#-(%<O-%54AA785%N1".-AA%.48%4FD;A<%<O-%471%F-.H%/-F74%48F%F"-A%8"<%8--F%<"%C47<%48=/"1-%
A"%;A785%<O-%471%F-.H%/-<O"F%.48%4#A"%A4@-%A<-//785%<7/-%48F%A4@-%<O-%"@-14##%0#4A<785%4.<7@7<=%<7/-$%
%
CONCLUSION)
K>7A(>A;G$)(>J7G$)>,7"!97?)+7'9AB7=9"!('7?"7D87EYFZ7F?"G+?3?J7E(G"!7EG=?"+?J7C+)>,$7?C(G"7$),>):)A?>"7
C9>9:)"$7?>'7#+(49$79::9A")497)>7=)>)=)L)>,7"!97)=#?A"7(:7,+(G>'74)C+?")(>7'G+)>,7C;?$")>,7?A")4)")9$*78!97?)+7'9AB7
=9"!('7+9'GA9$7"!97>99'7:(+79<#;($)49$J7AG"")>,7"!97)>)")?;7+9MG)+9=9>"7(:7-6O-/7B,7#9+7C;?$"7!(;97"(7(>;@7--*6PO
-67B,*78!)$7"+?>$;?"9$7"(7A($"7$?4)>,$7?>'7A(>"+)CG"9$7"(7N?$"97+9'GA")(>7C@7+9#G+#($)>,7G$9'7[RS\7#;?$")A7?>'7
A9=9>"7$?AB$7?$7?)+7'9AB7=9')?*7
Y(+9(49+J7 "!97 ?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!('7 ?AA9;9+?"9$7 "!97 C;?$")>,7 #+(A9$$7 C@7 9;)=)>?")>,7 "!97 N?)")>,7 #9+)('7 :(+7
9=G;$)(>7 9<#;($)49$7 ,?$$)>,7 )>7 $"9==)>,*7 8!)$7 ")=9O$?4)>,7 ?$#9A"7 9>!?>A9$7 "!97 (49+?;;7 9::)A)9>A@7 (:7 C;?$")>,7
(#9+?")(>$*78!97+9A(+'9'7?49+?,97D9?B7T9A"(+7EG=7HDTEI74?;G97:(+7"!97?)+7'9AB7=9"!('7)$7.*0U7==&$J7$),>):)A?>";@7
;(N9+7 "!?>7 "!97 >(>O?)+7 '9AB7 =9"!(']$7 DTE7 4?;G97 (:7 .*1/7 ==&$*7 8!)$7 >G=9+)A?;7 ')::9+9>A97 G>'9+$A(+9$7 "!97
9::9A")49>9$$7(:7"!97?)+7'9AB7=9"!('7)>7=)>)=)L)>,7,+(G>'74)C+?")(>*7
['')")(>?;;@J7:+?,=9>"?")(>7?>?;@$)$7G$)>,7"!97E#;)"7^9$B"(#76*.7^9=(7?##;)A?")(>7+949?;$7?7+9=?+B?C;97
)=#+(49=9>"7)>7 G>):(+=)"@7N)"!7"!97?)+7'9AB7=9"!('J7?$794)'9>A9'7C@7?7')$"+)CG")(>7#?$$?C);)"@7(:72-*25W7:(+7
C;?$")>,7+9$G;"$7N)"!7?7$)L97V1P7A=J7A(=#?+9'7"(7U.*61W7:(+7"!97>(>O?)+7'9AB7=9"!('*78!)$7$),>):)9$7"!?"7"!97?)+7
'9AB7 =9"!('7 #+('GA9$7 =(+97 G>):(+=7 :+?,=9>"?")(>7 N)"!7 :9N9+7 C(G;'9+$J7 :G+"!9+7 9=#!?$)L)>,7 )"$7 #+?A")A?;7
?'4?>"?,9$7)>7;)=9$"(>97C;?$")>,7?A")4)")9$*7
)
%
REFFERENCES)
V>14A740748(%K$(%VO485417(%c$(%T%)""1Z4F(%V$%L+&+*M$%B<;F=%"8%<O-%->>-.<%">%471%F-.H%"8%51";8F%@7014<7"8%
48F%F-@-#"N/-8<%">%0#4A<%F4/45-%Z"8-%;A785%',%F7A.1-<-%-#-/-8<%8;/-17.4#%/-<O"F$%Arabian$
Journal$of$Geosciences(%14(%*l*+$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&&_eA*+`*_G&+*G&_jidG`!
VN1748A=4O(% \$(% T% \4/#7(% 6$% L+&+'M$% ?874]74#% R"/N1-AA7@-% B<1-85<O% L?RBM% R"11-#4<7"8% V84#=A7A% b8%
f1";8F%!7014<7"8%78%K#4A<785%V.<7@7<7-A$%IOP$Conference$Series:$Earth$and$Environmental$Science(%
1272L*M(%&*+&*d$%
KO454F-(%)$%!$(%6;1<O=(%!$%6$%B$%\$(%T%V#7(%6$%B$%L+&+*M$%98O48.785%1".H%>145/-8<4<7"8%78%F145#78-%0-8.O%
0#4A<A% ;A785% 8-41G>7-#F% 51";8F% @7014<7"8% F=84/7.A% 48F% [email protected]% 0#4A<% F-A758$% Powder$
Technology(%381(%i+*li'h$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$3bQJ9R$+&+&$*+$&ij%
RO-85(%\$(%WO";(%W$(%RO-8(%Q$(%T%a4"(%a$%L+&++M$%9>>-.<A%">%4]74#%471%F-.H%"8%0#4A<G78F;.-F%51";8F%@7014<7"8$%
Rock$Mechanics$and$Rock$Engineering(%*l*_$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&&_eA&&j&'G&+*G&+j_jGh%
R;7(%Q$(%R414."5#74(%P$(%WO4"(%P$(%T%f-(%U$%L+&+'M$%9]4/784<7"8%">%"..;11-8.-%N1"0407#7<=%">%@"1<-]G78F;.-F%
@7014<7"8%">%#"85GAN48%017F5-%F-.HA%0=%:"HH-1l3#48.Hlc"#/"5"1"@%-g;4<7"8$%Structural$Safety(%
105$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$BJ\?BV:9$+&+'$*&+'jh%
,785(%R$(%U485(%\$(%WO;(%n$(%:-85(%R$(%T%WO";(%m$%L+&+'M$%\".H%>14.<;1-%/-.O487A/%">%471GF-.H%.O415-%0#4A<785%
."8A7F-1785%<O-%4.<7"8%->>-.<%">%0#4A<785%54A$%Tunnelling$and$Underground$Space$Technology(%142(%
*&`i+&$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$J?BJ$+&+'$*&`i+&%
a;F4@-1F7(%J$(%T%VH=7#F7Z(%b$%L+&+*M$%31-F7.<7"8%48F%-@4#;4<7"8%">%0#4A<G78F;.-F%51";8F%@7014<7"8A%>"1%
A<1;.<;14#%F4/45-%48F%O;/48%1-AN"8A-$%Arabian$Journal$of$Geosciences(%14L`M(%'_d$%
c40C-(%9$(%T%K48F4(%Q$%L+&*dM$%Stemming$zone$fragmentation$analysis$of$optimized$blasting$with$top-
column$air$decks$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$'*++ie"A>$7"e=g.Z`%
c4A07##4O(%c$(%Q78418"(%V$(%\-AN4<7(%P$%P$(%bH<4@7487(%\$(%T%J17F-A(%J$%L+&+'M$%V84#7A7A%3-8541;O%6;4<48%
!>9:9>3F6I>3C,0I49>3C,I5,"IM63C,":9N6M:,3>J,1:A:39ME,%O<<NA2ee7DAA1$17FC4878A<7<;<-$."$7Fe%
!0""1,345-%.+')
K4O48%3-#-F4H%,48%,-#4=%3-#-F4H48%J-1O4F4N%J785H4<%f-<4148%J484O%34F4%VH<7>7<4A%3-#-F4H48$%
Journal$of$Comprehensive$Science$(JCS)(%2LhM$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$`h*ddeD.A$@+7h$`*j%
P7;(%W$(% P7;(%c$(%RO-8(%n$(%64(% W$(%P@(%\$(%Q-7(% R$(%T%64(%c$%L+&+'M$%,--NGA-4%1".H%/-.O487.A% 48F%/78785%
<-.O8"#"5=2% B<4<-% ">% <O-% 41<% 48F% N-1AN-.<7@-A$% International$ Journal$ of$ Mining$ Science$ and$
Technology(%33LhM(%*&d'l***`$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$Em6BJ$+&+'$&_$&&_%
P";(%n$(%WO";(%3$(%U;(%m$(%T%B;8(%6$%L+&+&M$%V84#=A7A%"8%<O-%7/N4.<%N1-AA;1-%"8%0#4A<%O"#-%C4##%C7<O%14F74#%
471GF-.H-F%.O415-%04A-F%"8%AO".H%<;0-%<O-"1=$%Soil$Dynamics$and$Earthquake$Engineering(%128(%
*&`h&`$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$BbEP,U)$+&*h$*&`h&`%
3""15O4A-/(%B$(%T%K4"(%U$%L+&+'M$%\-@7-C%">%1"0"<G04A-F%4;<"/4<-F%/-4A;1-/-8<%">%@7014<7"8%>"1%.7@7#%
-8578--1785%A<1;.<;1-A$%Measurement:$Journal$of$the$International$Measurement$Confederation(%
207$%O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$69VB?\969)J$+&++$**+'d+%
\4/4FO48(%P$(%VF8=48"(%V$%V$%E$%V$(%T%3;18"/"(%a$%L+&+&M$%V)VPEBEB%39\KV),E)fV)%69Jb,9%VE\%,9Rc%
,V)%)b)%VE\%,9Rc%J9\aV,V3%f\b?),%!EK\VJEb)%aVBEP%39P9,VcV)%,E%3J$%K?cEJ%VBV6%
JKc$%MINING$INSIGHT(%1L&+M(%*`*l*j+$%
\-Z4-78-AO4<(%V$(%6"8D-Z7(%6$(%6-O1F48-AO(%V$(%T%cO48F-#C4#(%6$%L+&+&M$%bN<7/7Z4<7"8%">%0#4A<785%F-A758%
78%"N-8%N7<%#7/-A<"8-%/78-A%C7<O%<O-%47/%">%1-F;.785%51";8F%@7014<7"8%;A785%1"0;A<%<-.O87g;-A$%
Geomechanics$and$Geophysics$for$Geo-Energy$and$Geo-Resources(%6(%*l*i$%
U48(%U$(%a";(%n$(%T%:-7(%a$%L+&+&M$%\-@7-C%">%N1-F7.<785%<O-%0#4A<G78F;.-F%51";8F%@7014<7"8A%<"%1-F;.-%
7/N4.<A% "8% 4/07-8<% ;1048% ."//;87<7-A$% Journal$ of$ Cleaner$ Production(% 260$%
O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&*jem$mRP93\b$+&+&$*+**'`%
W41-7(% 6$(% BO4O407(% \$% B$(% a4F-7(% 6$% \$(% T% P";-7(% 6$% U$% L+&++M$% JO-% ;A-% ">% 471% F-.H785% <-.O87g;-A% >"1%
7/N1"@785% A;1>4.-% /78-% 0#4A<785$% Arabian$ Journal$ of$ Geosciences(% 15L*hM(% *`i`$%
O<<NA2eeF"7$"15e*&$*&&_eA*+`*_G&++G*&d+jGd%
7%
%
LITD96PEF,EICJ:9\,
J4;>7H%V17->(%,7484%3;104A417(%V#7=4O%E8<48%L+&+'M,
,
2E6A,39F6MC:,6A,C6M:>A:J,4>J:9\,
,
,
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
