!:4A7:;468:;9,0837:;9,8I,"8J6;9,"A7K6JA,;:L,1A?A;7JM%% N88J>2^^=_>>1$1=?S4<=<>8=878-$."$=?^%
!0""1,345-%.&N&%
R<-%":%8N-%/4=<%?1=C-1>%:"1%.N"">=<5%4%/481=Z%>817.871-%=>%=/J#-/-<8=<5%4%?"70#-\%"1%/7#8=J#-\
J1="1=89%>8148-59%KX4#014=8N(%+&&gM$%O.."1?=<5%8"%;5-#N"::%K+&+&M%/7#8=<48="<4#%."1J"148="<>%KA)W>M%7>-%
/481=Z% >817.871->%0-.47>-%8N-9%S4<8%8"%."/J-8-%S=8N%4%S=?-1%14<5-%":%>8148-5=->%4<?%7<=]7-%4?C4<845->%
8N4<%8N-9%.4<%.1-48-%4<?%7>-%S=8N%4%>=<5#-%N=-141.N=.4#%>817.871-$%;Z4/J#->%":%/481=Z%>817.871->%A)W>%
7>-%=<.#7?-%8N-%S"1#?%:7<.8="<4#%?=C=>="<%>817.871-(%8N-%=<8-1<48="<4#%?=C=>="<%>817.871-(%8N-%5-"514JN=.%
1-5="<%>817.871-(%4<?%8N-%S"1#?%J1"?7.8%?=C=>="<%>817.871-$%
GN-1-% 41-% >-C-14#% .N4##-<5->% 8"% 8N-% /481=Z% >817.871-(% >7.N% 4>% =<."/J48=0#-% 5"4#>(% -/J#"9-->%
:".7>=<5%"<%>=#">(%4<?%=<8-1J-1>"<4#%=>>7->%>7.N%4>%1"#->(%1->J"<>=0=#=8=->(%4<?%?-.=>="<\/4I=<5(%4>%S-##%
4>%4/0=57"7>%478N"1=89%4<?%4%#4.I%":%/481=Z%5741?=4<>%KOJJ-#047/%-8%4#$(%+&&aM$%W"<:#=.8>%"1%.N4##-<5->%
:1-]7-<8#9%41=>-%?7-%8"%84>I>%4<?%41-%J1 =/41=#9%8N-%1->7#8%":%."<:#=.8>%":%=<8-1->8%"1%"J J">=<5%C=-SJ"=<8>%
"<%8N-%>4/-%=>>7-%KPN4N4<=(%+&+&M$%31"#"<5-?%."<:#=.8>%.4<%>=5<=:=.4<8#9%=/J-?-%8N-%?-.=>="<\/4I=<5%
J1".->>%KPN4N4<=(%+&+&M$%
O<%->>-<8=4#%J418%":%/4I=<5%4%/481=Z%"154<=H48="<%S"1I%=>%8N48%=<?=C=?74#>%4<?%8-4/>%S"1I=<5%
S=8N=<% 4% /481=Z% /7>8% 7<?-1>84<?% SN9% 4% /481=Z% "154<=H48="<% S4>% .N">-<% KT$% @718"<% -8% 4#$(% +&*cM$%
O.."1?=<5%8"%PN4N4<=%K+&+&M(%:=C-%8N=<5>%<--?%8"%0-%."<>=?-1-?%=<%=/J#-/-<8=<5%4%/481=Z%"154<=H48="<4#%
>817.871-2% ."<81"#% 4<?% .""1?=<48="<% /-.N4<=>/>(% ?-.=>="<\/4I=<5% /-.N4<=>/>(% 4/0=?-Z8-1=89%
/-.N4<=>/>(%."<:#=.8%/-.N4<=>/>(%8N-%1"#-%":%.7#871-%4<?%=?-<8=89(%4<?%0"7<?419%>J4<<=<5$%G"%1-?7.-%
?=>J1"J"18="<>% =<% 4##".48=<5% 4<?% -C4#748=<5% -/J#"9--% 84>I>(% "154<=H48="<>% 8N48% =/J#-/-<8% 4% /481=Z%
>817.871-%/7>8%=/J#-/-<8%4%>9>8-/%":%.#-41%J1".-?71->%4<?%."<8=<7"7>%-/J#"9--%4>>->>/-<8(%SN=.N%
4##"S>%"<-%8"%4C"=?%J-1>"<4#%1-#48="<>N=J>%4<?%-C4#748-%-4.N%-/J#"9--%-Z.#7>=C-#9%04>-?%"<%8N-%S"1I%
N-%J-1:"1/>%KP:-8.7%U%3"J4(%+&+&M$%
GN-%N-4#8N%=<>8=878="<%7>-?%4>%4%.4>-%>87?9%=<%8N=>%1->-41.N%=>%4%J1=C48-(%<"<\J1":=8%"154<=H48="<%
8N48% N4>% 0--<% 41"7<?% :"1% /"1-% 8N4<% *&&% 9-41>% 4<?(% =<% +&+&(% :"1/4##9% 7>->% 4% /481=Z% "154<=H48="<4#%
>817.871-$% ;C-<% 8N"75N% =8% =>% <"8% 4% /7#8=<48="<4#% ."/J4<9% KA)WM(% 8N=>% N-4#8N% =<>8=878="<% N4>% >-C-14#%
07>=<->>%7<=8>% KN">J=84#>(%N-4#8N%>.=-<.-% ."##-5->(%814=<=<5% =<>8=878="<>(%1->-41.N(% 4<?%J1=/419%N-4#8N%
>-1C=.->M$%GN1"75N"78%8N-%8N1--%9-41>%8N-%"154<=H48="<%4?"J8-?%8N-%/481=Z%>817.871-(%4<%4>>->>/-<8%"1%
4<4#9>=>%":%=8>%=/J#-/-<848="<%N4>%9-8%8"%0-%."<?7.8-?$%V"S-C-1(%=8%N4>%0--<%"0>-1C-?%8N48%-/J#"9--%
>48=>:4.8="<% N4>% ?-.#=<-?% >=<.-% 8N-% 4?"J8="<% ":% 8N-% /481=Z% >817.871-$% O??=8="<4##9(% 8N-1-% N4C-% 0--<%
."/J#4=<8>%:1"/%-/J#"9-->%SN"%S-1-%1-]7=1-?%8"%4>>=>8%S=8N%J1"514/>%"78>=?-%":%8N-=1%J1=/419%7<=8%
GN=>%1->-41.N%78=#=>->%P87::#-0-4/`>%WD33%-C4#748="<%:14/-S"1I(%SN=.N%=<."1J"148->%4%."<8-Z8(%
=<J78(%J1".->>(%4<? %J1"?7.8%."/J"<-<8%-C4#748="<%4JJ1"4.N%KP87::#-0-4/%U%oN4<5(%+&*FM$%GN-%>87?9%
4<4#9>->% "154<=H48="<4#% <--?>% 8N1"75N% 4% /481=Z% >817.871-% 4<?% -::"18>% 8"% -<N4<.-% >9<-159% 8"% 4884=<%
"154<=H48="<4#%5"4#>$%D8%4#>"%-Z4/=<->%8N-%1-4?=<->>%4<?%J#4<<=<5%":%1->"71.->(%>9>8-/>(%4<?%>8148-5=->%
:"1%=/J#-/-<8=<5%8N-%/481=Z%>817.871-%4<?%=/J#-/-<848="<%J1".->>$%GN-%1->-41.N%=?-<8=:=->%"0>84.#->%
8N48%J">-%4%8N1-48%8"%>7..->>%4<?%N=5N#=5N8>%41-4>%:"1%=/J1"C-/-<8$%O??=8="<4##9(%=8%4>>->>->%8N-%#-C-#%":%
4.N=-C-/-<8% 8N-% "154<=H48="<% N4>% 1-4.N-?% ?71=<5% 8N-% =/J#-/-<848="<% ":% 8N-% /481=Z% >817.871-$%
GN-1-:"1-(% 8N=>% 1->-41.N% 4=/>% 8"% 4<4#9H-% 8N-% -::"18>% ":% N-4#8N% =<>8=878="<>% 8"% =/J#-/-<8% 4% /481=Z%
>817.871-%8"%4.N=-C-%8N-=1%>8148-5=.%5"4#>$%
!
METHODS)
GN=>%]74#=848=C-%1->-41.N%7>->%?->.1=J8=C-%4<4#9>=>%/-8N"?>%S=8N%4%.4>-%>87?9%4JJ1"4.N%=<%N-4#8N%
=<>8=878="<>$%W4>-%>87?=->%41-%-/J=1=.4#%=<C->8=548="<>%=<C->8=548=<5%."<8-/J"1419%JN-<"/-<4%K.4>->M%
=<%1-4#\#=:-%."<8-Z8>(%->J-.=4##9%SN-<%8N-%0"7<?41=->%0-8S--<%JN-<"/-<"<%4<?%."<8-Z8%/49%0-%7<.#-41%
KA-11=4/%U%G=>?-##(%+&*cM$%G"%-C4#748-%8N-%/481=Z%>817.871-`>%=/J#-/-<848="<%=<%8N-%7<?-1\=<C->8=548-?%
N-4#8N%=<>8=878="<(%8N-%>87?9%7>-?%8N-%P87::#-0-4/\?-C-#"J-?%WD33%4>>->>/-<8%:14/-S"1I$%O%1->-41.N%
."<.-J874#%:14/-S"1I%S4>%->840#=>N-?%:"1%8N=>%J71J">-$%%GN-%WD33%;C4#748="<%A"?-#%=>%4<%-C4#748="<%
:14/-S"1I%"1=-<8-?%8"S41?%=/J1"C-/-<8%4<?%4.."7<840=#=89%KP87::#-0-4/%U %oN4<5(%+&*FM$%GN-%WD33%
-C4#748="<%:14/-S"1I%S=##%0-%4%57=?-%:"1%1->-41.N-1>%=<%."##-.8=<5%?484%1-541?=<5%-Z=>8=<5%8N-"1=->$%
H;O9A,+P,2!QQ,@8LA9,?43LRSAK;93;468:,I7;@AT87U,