!;=DG;3=6<;3:,0<AG;3:,<9,IH63;,85AL3=6<;(%%
@3=B;3=
1
(%D9#;8%R";7"%K3-6:."#"8
2
%
!0""1,234,%$'.+%
K=;A%/,A,3/?=%;A%8"7%;8%#;8,%H;7=%/,A,3/?=$%dA/;83%M0&0*N%A737,B%7=37%7=,/,%H3A%3%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%
,8,/4>%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%#,847=$%D8,/4>%/,c:;/,-,87A%;8%7=,%7=;/B%7/;-,A7,/%?"87;8:,%7"%;8?/,3A,%
:87;#%7=,%,8B%"9%6/,4838?>$%5:/;84%7=,%7=;/B%7/;-,A7,/(%3BB;7;"83#%9,73#%38B%6#3?,873#%4/"H7=%,8,/4>%;A%:A,B$%
K=,/,% ;A% 8"% /,#37;"8A=;6% .,7H,,8% ,8,/4>% ;873J,% 38B% 8,H."/8% ."B>% #,847=% B:,% 7"% 7=,% #3?J% "9% "7=,/%
?"-6"8,87A(% A:?=% 3A% 7=,% .3.>IA% 4,8,7;?A$% P3A,B% "8% 6/,+;":A% /,A,3/?=(% 7=,% .3.>IA% A;W,% ;A% /,#37,B% 7"% 7=,%
-"7=,/IA% 4,8,7;?A$% K=;A% ;A% .3A,B% "8% 7=,% A7:B>% .>% OBB"% M0&*'N(% H=;?=% A737,A% 7=37% 7=,% -"7=,/IA% =,;4=7% ;A%
3AA"?;37,B%H;7=%7=,%?=;#BIA%4/"H7=%6/"?,AA$,
K=;A%/,A,3/?=%;A%;8%#;8,%H;7=%/,A,3/?=%?"8B:?7,B%.>%O4=3B;37;%M0&*ZN$%K=;A%A7:B>%A="HA%3%A;48;9;?387%
/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%,8,/4>%;873J,% 38B%.;/7=%H,;4=7%M6%b%&$&GN$%@"7=,/A%H="%,_6,/;,8?,%;8A:99;?;,87%,8,/4>%
;873J,%H;##%,_6,/;,8?,%;-63;/,B%4/"H7=%38B%9:8?7;"8%"9%7=,%6#3?,873(%B,A?/;.,B%.>%#"H,/%6#3?,873#%H,;4=7%
38B%A-3##,/%6#3?,873#%A;W,$%@3#8:7/;7;"8%;8%7=,%-"7=,/%H;##%/,B:?,%.#""B%9#"H%7"%7=,%6#3?,873(%/,A:#7;84%;8%
A:.V"67;-3#%6#3?,873#%A;W,%38B%/,B:?;84%7=,%7/38A9,/%"9%8:7/;,87A%7"%7=,%9,7:A(%/,A:#7;84%;8%PPX$%
D8,/4>%;873J,%B:/;84%6/,4838?>%;A%;83B,c:37,'and';A%"8,%"9%7=,%/;AJ%93?7"/A%9"/%A="/7V.;/7=%.3.;,A$%
X"H%?"8A:-67;"8%"9%,8,/4>%8:7/;,87A%?38%/,A:#7%;8%3B,c:37,%8:7/;7;"83#%/,A,/+,A%7"%6/"+;B,%6=>A;"#"4;?3#%
8,,BA%B:/;84%6/,4838?>(%83-,#>%="/-"83#%?=384,A(%38B%38%;8?/,3A,%;8%.#""B%+"#:-,%9"/%9,73#%4/"H7=%;8%7=,%
H"-.%A"%7=37%7=,%8,,B%9"/%8:7/;,87A%9"/%7=,%9,7:A%;A%/,B:?,B$%K=,%;-63?7%;A%A#"H,B%4/"H7=%38B%B,+,#"6-,87%
"9%7=,%9,7:A$%C83B,c:37,%8:7/;7;"83#%;873J,%B:/;84%6/,4838?>%6#3>A%3%/"#,%;8%7=,%"??://,8?,%"9%?3A,A%"9%.3.;,A%
H;7=%-3#8:7/;7;"8%A737:A%MX;-%,7%3#$(%0&*QN$%
K=,%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%6/"7,;8%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%H,;4=7%H3A%".73;8,B%3A%6V+3#:,%j%&$*G&%
i%k(%H=;?=%-,38A%<3%;A%/,h,?7,B$%C7%?38%.,%?"8?#:B,B%7=37%7=,/,%;A%8"%A;48;9;?387%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%6/"7,;8%
;873J,%38B%.3.>IA%.;/7=%H,;4=7$%@,38H=;#,(%7=,%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%6/"7,;8%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%
#,847=% H3A% ".73;8,B% p-value% j% &$&*E% b% k(% H=;?=% -,38A% 7=37% <3% ;A% 3??,67,B(% A"% 7=,/,% ;A% 3% A;48;9;?387%
/,#37;"8A=;6% .,7H,,8% 6/"7,;8% ;873J,% 38B% .;/7=% #,847=$% C7% ;A% J8"H8% 7=37% 7=,% /,#37;"8A=;6% .,7H,,8% 6/"7,;8%
;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%#,847=%A="HA%3%-"B,/37,%/,#37;"8A=;6%M/%j%&$']ZN(%38B%7=,%6"A;7;+,%?"//,#37;"8%
?",99;?;,87%-,38A%7=37%;873J,%;8?/,3A,A$%K=,%-"7=,/IA%6/"7,;8%B:/;84%6/,4838?>%;8?/,3A,A%7=,%.3.>IA%."B>%
#,847=$%
2/"7,;8%;A%63/7%"9%3##%#;+;84%?,##A%38B%;A%7=,%-"A7%A;48;9;?387%63/7%"9%7=,%."B>%397,/%H37,/$%2/"7,;8%=3A%3%
:8;c:,%9:8?7;"81%.:;#B;84%38B%-3;873;8;84%?,##A%38B%."B>%7;AA:,A%A"%7=37%"7=,/%A:.A738?,A%?388"7%/,6#3?,%
6/"7,;8$%2/"7,;8%9:8?7;"8A%3A%7=,%9":8B37;"8%"9%?,##A%;8%=:-38A$%2/"7,;8%;A%3%A:.A738?,%7=37%6#3>A%3%/"#,%;8%
.:;#B;84%7;AA:,(%9"/-;84%."B>%A7/:?7:/,(%4/"H7=(%"_>4,8%7/38A6"/737;"8(%38B%9"/-;84%7=,%;--:8,%A>A7,-$,
K=,%3+,/34,%6/"7,;8%;873J,%".73;8,B%.>%6/,48387%H"-,8%;A%]0%4$%K=,%3+,/34,%-37,/83#%6/"7,;8%;873J,%
;A%A7;##%#,AA%7=38%7=,%3B,c:37,%9;4:/,%9"/%6/,48387%H"-,8%.3A,B%"8%7=,%OTU%M\:##;+38%,7%3#$(%0&*EN$%P3A,B%"8%
7=,%#,+,#%"9%6/"7,;8%;873J,(%;7%A="HA%7=37%-"A7%6/,48387%H"-,8%=3+,%3%6/"7,;8%;873J,%;8%7=,%B,9;?;,87%?37,4"/>%
MG*$0^N$%C8A:99;?;,87%6/"7,;8%;873J,%B:/;84%6/,4838?>%?38%;-63;/%9,73#%4/"H7=%;8%7=,%H"-.(%;-63?7;84%.;/7=%
H,;4=7%38B%#,847=%Mf;7/;%`%Y;h;(%0&*QN$%
K=,%/,A:#7A%3#;48%H;7=%/,A,3/?=%?"8B:?7,B%.>%O-/;38;%M0&0&N(%H=;?=%A737,B%7=,%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%
7=,%#,+,#%"9%6/"7,;8%;873J,%38B%7=,%;8?;B,8?,%"9%PPX%37%R\CO%@3JJ3A3/%S;7>$%C7%H3A%9":8B%7=37%7=,/,%H3A%8"%
A;48;9;?387% /,#37;"8A=;6% .,7H,,8% -37,/83#% 6/"7,;8% ;873J,% 38B% 7=,% .3.>IA% .;/7=% H,;4=7$% O??"/B;84% 7"%
/,A,3/?=,/A(% 7=,% /,A:#7A% "9% 7=;A% A7:B>% A="H% 7=37% 6/,48387% H"-,8IA% 6/"7,;8% ;873J,% B",A% 8"7% A;48;9;?387#>%
;-63?7%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%H,;4=7$%K=;A% =366,8A%.,?3:A,%6/"7,;8%6/;-3/;#>%9:8?7;"8A%3A%3%4/"H7=%A:.A738?,%
8,?,AA3/>%9"/% 7=,% .3.>IA% ."B>% #,847=%4/"H7=$% P,A;B,A% .,;84% 3% 4/"H7=%34,87(% 6/"7,;8%3#A"% 9:8?7;"8A% 3A% 38%
,8,/4>%A":/?,%;9%?3/."=>B/37,A%38B%937A%3/,%;8A:99;?;,87$%P3A,B%"8%7=,%/,A:#7A%"9%9""B%/,?3##%;87,/+;,HA(%7=,%
,8,/4>%;873J,%"9%6/,48387%H"-,8%;A%A7;##%#,AA%7=38%7=,%3B,c:37,%9;4:/,%9"/%6/,48387%H"-,8$%\"(%;9%,8,/4>%
;873J,%;A%#3?J;8 4(%6/"7,;8%H;##%.,%./"J,8%B"H8%3A%38%,8,/4>%A":/?,$%O63/7%9/"-%;8A:99;?;,87%;89"/-37;"8(%7=,/,%
3/,% A,+,/3#% "7=,/% 93?7"/A(% A:?=% 3A% 4,A737;"83#% 34,(% -37,/83#% =,;4=7% 38B% H,;4=7(% #;9,A7>#,% 93?7"/A(% -,B;?3#%
?"-6#;?37;"8A% B:/;84% 6/,4838?>(% 6/,-37:/;7>(% 6""/% -37,/83#% .,=3+;"/(% -37,/83#% 387=/"6"-,7/>(%
A"?;",?"8"-;?A(%-37,/83#%,B:?37;"8(%=":A,="#B%;8?"-,(%38B%7=,%8:-.,/%"9%?=;#B/,8$%"/%63/;7>%MR3783A3/;%,7%
3#$(%0&*]N$%
K=,%6/;-3/>%9:8?7;"8%"9%6/"7,;8%;8%7=,%."B>%;A%3A%3% 4/"H7=% 34,87%7"%.:;#B%."B>%?,##A%363/7%9/"-%.,;84%
38%,8,/4>%A":/?,%;9%?3/."=>B/37,A%38B%937%3/,%;8A:99;?;,87$%]&^%"9%3%6/,48387%H"-38IA%6/"7,;8%9"/-A%8,H%
7;AA:,%38B%9,73#%4/"H7=$%C83B,c:37,%6/"7,;8%;873J,%B:/;84%6/,4838?>%?38%;-63;/%9,73#%B,+,#"6-,87%;8%7=,%
H"-.(%;-63?7;84%.;/7=%#,847=%Mf;7/;%`%Y;h;(%0&*QNM,
K=;A% /,A,3/?=% 3#;48A% H;7=% \:63/>387"% 38B% R"A3B% f;,#B% M0&*ZN(% H=;?=% A737,% 7=37% 3% A;48;9;?387%
/,#37;"8A=;6%,_;A7A%.,7H,,8%6/"7,;8%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%#,847=%H;7=%/j%&$*E*$%C9%6/"7,;8%;8?/,3A,A%.>%
*%4/3-(%7=,%.3.>IA%."B>%#,847=%H;##%;8?/,3A,%.>%&$*E*%?-$%K=,A,%/,A:#7A%3/,%A7/,847=,8,B%.>%/,A,3/?='.>%
D/83H37;%M0&*'N(%H=;?=%A3>A%7=37%6/,48387%H"-,8%H="%?"8A:-,%.,#"HV3+,/34, %6/"7,;8%3/,%*$a%7;- ,A%-"/,%
#;J,#>%7"%=3+,%3%A7:87,B%.3.>%;8%7=,%8,_7%*0%-"87=A$,
K=,%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%937%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%H,;4=7%H3A%".73;8,B%9/"-%7=,%383#>A;A%6V
+3#:,%j%&$&*Z%b%k(%H=;?=%-,38A%7=37%<3%;A%3??,67,B%A"%7=37%;8%7=;A%A7:B>(%;7%;A%A737,B%7=37%7=,/,%;A%3% A;48;9;?387%
/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%937%;873J,%38B%7=,%.3.>IA%.;/7=%H,;4=7$%C7%;A%J8"H8%7=37%7=,%/,#37;"8A=;6%.,7H,,8%937%