!
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Vol.!!03,!No.!11,!November!2023!
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This%work%is%licensed%under%a%Attribution-ShareAlike%4.0%International%(CC%BY-SA%4.0)
Implementation+Implications+Non-Conviction+Based+Asset+
Forfeiture+on+Notaries+Whose+Authentic+Deeds+Are+
Indicated+as+Means+of+Money+Laundering+
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#2,34546,7284,9:482;8<284
1
=,92>8>:,?@,A48BC>8>6
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Master!of!Notary!Affairs,!Faculty!of!Law,!Universitas!Indonesia,!Indonesia
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Money& laundering,& which& arises& from& illicit& activities,& typically&
requires& a& legitimate& document& to& facilitate& the& transfer& of& funds&
into& an& asset.& Notaries,& authorized& public& officials& capable& of&
creating& such& legitimate& documents,& may&b e&implicated& in& money&
laundering& offenses.& In& the& ongoing& efforts& to& combat& money&
laundering,& there& is& an& increasing& emphasis& on& asset& confiscation&
without& the& need& for& criminal& convictions& (Non-Conviction& Asset&
Forfeiture),&as&exemplified&in&the&Draft&Law&on&Asset&Confiscation.&
This& study& aims& to& evaluate& the& concept& of& Non-Conviction& Asset&
Forfeiture,& explore& the& role& of& Notaries& in& preventing& money&
laundering& activities,& and& scrutinize& the& implications& of&
implementing& Non-Conviction& Asset& Forfeiture& on& Notaries& who&
authentically& notarize& documents& that& may& be& used& for& money&
laundering.&The&research&employs&a&normative&juridical&approach&
focusing&on&theoretical&and&statutory&considerations.&It& elucidates&
the&core& principles& of& Non-Conviction& Asset& Forfeiture,&specifically&
the& pursuit& of& assets& derived& from& criminal& activities& when& the&
perpetrator& cannot& be& held& accountable& due& to& circumstances.&
Furthermore,& the& research& underscores& that& Notaries& who&
authenticate&documents&suspected&of&facilitating&money&laundering&
may&face&legal&consequences,&potentially&including&the&confiscation&
of&their&assets&if&they&violate&relevant&laws&and®ulations.&
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INTRODUCTION)
A!notary!is!a!government-appointed!public!official!vested!with!the!authority!to!create!authentic!
documents!and!perform!other!functions!specified!by!statutory!regulations!(Syamsuddin,!2022).!These!
public! officials! are! both! appointed! and! relieved! of! their! duties! by! the! government,! wielding! general!
powers! and! legal! authorisation! to! address! specific! authorities! and! record! the! details! of! legal!
relationships! between! parties! in! authentic! documents,! which! hold! irrefutable! evidentiary! weight! in!
court!proceedings!(Afzali!et!al.,!2021;!Hermawan!et!al.,!2023).!
In! discharging!their! responsibilities,! notaries! adhere! to! the! provisions! of! Law! Number! 30! of!
2004,!in!conjunction!with!Law!Number!2!of!2014,!governing!the!role!of!notaries!and!the!Notary's!Code!
of! Ethics.! These! legal! standards! mandate! that! notaries! conduct! their! duties! with! a! deep! sense! of!
accountability!and!professionalism.!Notaries! must! exhibit!noble!character,!honesty,!and!reliability!in!
executing!their!roles!and!obligations.!Should!notaries!fail!to!adhere!to!the!norms!outlined!in!the!Laws!
governing! their! positions! and! the! Notary's! Code! of! Ethics,! they! become! susceptible! to! potential!
involvement!in!civil!or!criminal!legal!proceedings!(Xiong!et!al.,!2022).!
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Every!deed!made!by!a!Notary!has!the!potential!to!trap!the!Notary!as!a!related!party!in!a!case,!
whether!civil!or!criminal!(Athira!&!Ramesh,!2023;!Dak-Adzaklo!&!Wong,!2023;!Susilawati!&!Kanowski,!
2022).!One! of!the! cases!that!might!happen! is! doing! a!deed!connecting!with!the!endeavored!criminal!
demonstration!of!tax!evasion!by!the! gatherings.!The!wrongdoing!of!tax!evasion!is! wrongdoing! as!an!
endeavour!to!stow!away!or!mask!cash!created!from!wrongdoing!or!the!returns!of!wrongdoing!(Aparicio!
&! Kim,! 2023;! Firmansyah! et! al.,! 2022;! Setyowati! et! al.,! 2023).! Endeavors! to! conceal! the! returns! of!
criminal! demonstrations! can! appear! as! setting! cash! starting! from! illegal! demonstrations! into! the!
monetary!framework!(placement),!separation!of!criminal!returns!from!the!source!through!a!few!phases!
of!economic!exchanges!to!stow!away!or!camouflage!the!beginning!of!the!assets!(layering),!the!utilisation!
of!the!returns!of!criminal!demonstrations!that!have!been!set!(position)!or!which!have!been!isolated!and!
give!off!an!impression!of!being!genuine!resources,!for!halal!business!exercises!or!even!reused!in!crimes,!
(combination),!and!buying!resources!with!the!returns!of!the!wrongdoing!for!the!sake!of!someone!else!
(Gani,!2021).!
The!involvement!of!a!Notary!in!a!money!laundering!offence!can!occur!when!an!authentic!deed!
is!used!to!conceal!the!proceeds!of!a!criminal!activity!(Bolgorian!et!al.,!2023;!Konovalova!et!al.,!2023a).!
Parties!involved!in!this!process!often!must!disclose! the!true!purpose!behind!creating!the!authentic!deed!
to!the! Notary.! In! some! cases,!they! might!even! collaborate!with! the! parties'! illicit! intentions,!such! as!
disguising!criminal!proceeds!through!an!original!deed!prepared!by!the!Notary.!In!such!instances,!the!
Notary!creates!an!authentic!act!based!on!false!information.!Commonly,!money!laundering!perpetrators!
require! various! types! of! deeds,! including! the! Deed! of! Sale! and! Purchase,! Deed! of! Company!
Establishment,!Deed!of!Entry!into!the!Company,!Deed!of!Cooperation!Agreement,!and!other!documents!
that! serve! as! tools! for! accommodating! money! laundering! activities! (Badaruddin,! 2018;! Lasmadi! &!
Sudarti,! 2021).! Consequently,! suspicions! have! arisen,! suggesting! that! the! Notary! may! be! facilitating!
money!laundering!and,!therefore,!could!face!criminal!liability!for!their!actions!(Çemberci!et!al.,!2022;!
Teichmann!et!al.,!2023a).!
Asset!confiscation!without!the!need!for!criminal!prosecution,!known!as!Non-Conviction!Asset!
Forfeiture,!represents!a!recent!development!in!Indonesian!criminal!procedural!law.!It!is!a!mechanism!
to!recover!state! losses!resulting!from!criminal!acts.!This!concept!is! mandated!by!the!United!Nations!
Convention!Against!Corruption!(UNCAC)!for!countries!that!sign!the!convention.!It!aims!to!enhance!the!
recovery!of!state!losses!from!corrupt!criminal!activities!(Mulyadi,!2020;!Nelson,!2020).!Conventional!
methods!that!primarily!rely!on!severe!sanctions!against!offenders!without!attempts!to!seize!ill-gotten!
funds!or!assets!are!considered!ineffective!in!addressing!crimes!that!inflict!financial!losses!on!the!state.!
The!existing!criminal!justice!system!in!Indonesia!has!not!fully!achieved!the!primary!objective!of!asset!
recovery,!and!as!a!result,!state!losses!stemming!from!illegal!activities!remain!unrecovered!(Akartuna!et!
al.,! 2022;! Shen! et! al.,! 2021;! Suh,! 2023).! Therefore,! asset! confiscation! is! deemed! appropriate! for!
recuperating!state!losses!resulting!from!criminal!acts!(Sasmita!et!al.,!2023).!
Indonesia!has!introduced!a!Draft!Law!on!the!Confiscation!of!Assets!Resulting!from!Criminal!Acts!
to!align!with!international!conventions!that!have!been!ratified!(Abd!Rashid!et!al.,!2023;!H.!Q.!Nguyen,!
2023;! M.! L.! T.! Nguyen! &! Bui,! 2022).! This! draft! law! differs! from! the! existing! provisions! on! asset!
confiscation!in!Indonesia,!as!it!permits!asset!confiscation!without!needing!a!court!decision!following!the!
conclusion!of!the!law!enforcement!process.!The!Non-Conviction!Asset!Forfeiture!concept!underpins!the!
Draft!Law!on!Asset!Confiscation,!which!emphasises!the!importance!of!not!only!deterring!offenders!but!
also! actively! pursuing! assets! derived! from! criminal! activities! (Gowin! et! al.,! 2021;! Konovalova! et! al.,!
2023b;!Teichmann!et!al.,!2023b).!The!Asset!Confiscation!Bill!aims!to!trace!and!seize!all!funds!associated!
with! criminal! acts,! provided! it! can! be! proven! that! the! assets! originate! from! such! illicit! sources!
(Balsalobre-Lorente!et!al.,!2023;!Fhima!et!al.,!2023;!Szczepaniak!et!al.,!2022).!This!legislation!marks!a!
significant!shift!in!Indonesian!criminal!law,!especially!in!dealing!with!financial!crimes.!Previously,!the!
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focus!was!primarily!on!punitive!measures,!but!introducing!the!Asset!Confiscation!Bill!emphasises!the!
recovery!of!state!losses!incurred!(Anima!et!al.,!2023;!El!Ghoul!et!al.,!2023;!Varvarigos,!2023).!
Mahfud! MD! has! conveyed! the! progress! of! ratification! of! the! Asset! Confiscation! Bill! as!
Coordinating!Minister!for!Political,!Legal!and!Security!Affairs,!that!the!presidential!letter!regarding!the!
Asset!Confiscation!Bill!has!been!submitted!to!the!House!of!Representatives!since!May!4,!2023.!Therefore,!
the! ratification! of! the! Confiscation! Bill! The! assets! is! just! at! the! stage! of! ratification! by! the! House! of!
Representatives,!which,!judging!from!these!developments,!is!likely!that!the!concept!of!asset!confiscation!
will!soon!come!into!effect!in!Indonesia!through!the!Asset!Confiscation!Law!(Kuvvet,!2021;!Laajaj!et!al.,!
2023;!Wahyono!&!Narmaditya,!2022).!
The! potential! involvement! of! notaries! in! money! laundering! crimes! through! authentic! deeds!
made!as!described!above!raises!critical!thinking!regarding!the!implications!of!the!concept!of!Conviction!
Asset!Forfeiture,!which!became!the!basic!idea!for!creating!the!Draft!Law!on!Asset!Confiscation!against!
Notaries!whose!authentic!deeds!were!indicated!as!a!means!of!money!laundering!(Bolgorian!et!al.,!2023;!
Kirimhan,!2023;!Kuzior!et!al.,!2022;!Saha!&!Sen,!2023).!Based!on!this,!the!problem!to!be!studied! in!this!
paper!is!the!concept!of!confiscation!of!assets!without!criminal!prosecution!(Non-Conviction!Based!Asset!
Forfeiture)! as! well! as! implementation! implications! of! confiscation! of! assets! without! criminal!
prosecution!(Non-Conviction!Based!Asset!Forfeiture)!towards!parties!involved!in!the!crime!of!money!
laundering,!in!this!case,!one!of!whom!is!a!Notary.!This!paper!will!discuss! further! the! implications!of!
implementing!Conviction!Asset! Forfeiture!to!the!notary!who!did!a!deed!that!indicated!a!criminal!money!
laundering!act.!
!
METHODS)
This! study! adopts! a! prescriptive! analytical! approach! with! a! normative! juridical! research!
methodology.! Two! primary! methods! are! employed:! the! statutory! regulations! approach! and! the!
conceptual! approach.! The! statutory! regulations! approach! involves! referencing! and! analysing! legal!
provisions!such!as!Law!Number!30!of!2004!concerning!the!Position!of!Notaries,!Law!Num ber!2!of!2014!
amending!Law!Number!30!of!2004!regarding!Notary!Positions,!Law!Number!8!of!2010!concerning!the!
Prevention! and! Eradication! of! Money! Laundering! Crimes,! in! addition! to! other! relevant! laws! and!
regulations.! This! approach! serves! as! the! foundation! for! examining! the! legal! aspects! of! the! research.!
Concurrently,!the!conceptual!approach!is!utilised!to!grasp!relevant!theories!and!concepts!that!provide!
the! theoretical! framework! for! the! study.! It! aids! in! understanding! the! broader! implications! and!
perspectives! related! to! the! subject! matter.! The! research! data! is! predominantly! secondary,!
encompassing!primary,!secondary,!and!tertiary!legal!materials.!This!secondary!data!is!derived!from!an!
extensive! literature! review,! often! referred! to! as! library! research,! and! is! subsequently! subjected! to!
qualitative!analysis.!
)
RESULTS)
H@ KF6N>P8, FM, KF6M2;N482F6, FM, H;;>8;, 328<FB8, 9B62;<C>68, Q#F6(KF6O2N82F6, I4;>G, H;;>8,
RF:M>28B:>S,
Returning! or! confiscating! assets! of! perpetrators! of! criminal! acts! of! corruption! without!
punishment!was!born,!grew! and! developed!in! Anglo-Saxon! countries!with!a!regime! standard! law!
system,! which! is! commonly! referred! to! as! terminology! Non-Conviction! Asset! Forfeiture,! Civil!
forfeiture,! Plunder! into! reality! forfeiture,! or! objective! forfeiture6! Asset! confiscation! without!
punishment!is!centred!on!combating!criminal!activities!that!adversely!affect!the!state's!financial!and!
economic! well-being.! This! approach! primarily! seeks! to! recover! assets! acquired! by! individuals!
allegedly!through!criminal!acts!that!harm!the!state's!financial!and!economic!interests.!Such!illegal!
activities!may!encompass!corruption,!drug-related!offences,!and!money!laundering.(
Non-Conviction!Based!Asset!Forfeiture!(NCB!Asset!Forfeiture)!is!a!legal!action!that!targets!
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assets!themselves!rather!than!the!individuals!involved.!This!process!is!separate!from!the!criminal!
justice!system!and!necessitates!evidence!that!the!property!is!tainted!or!connected!to!illegal!activities.!
In!this!context,!the!focus!is!on!demonstrating!the!link!between!the!asset!and!criminal!activity,!with!
the!property!owner!often!being!a!third!party!with!the!right!to!defend!their!ownership.!Typically,!in!
criminal! cases,! the! prosecution! must! establish! the! accused's! guilt! beyond! a! reasonable! doubt.!
However,!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!operates!on!a!lower!standard!of!evidentiary!probability,!which!can!
ease!the!government's!burden! of!proof.!This!means!that!asset!confiscation!can!potentially!be!pursued!
even!when!insufficient!evidence!can!secure!a!criminal!conviction.!It!is!important!to!note!that!this!
concept!primarily!targets!assets,!not!individuals.!The!owner!of!the!purchase!is!often!a!third!party!
who!retains!the!right!to!defend!the!ownership!of!the!property.!
Draft!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!is!also!part!of!the!United(Nations!Convention!Against!Corruption!
(UNCAC)! or! the! United! Nations! Convention! on! Anti-Corruption,! ratified! in! 2003.! This! convention!
mandates!all!member!countries!to!consider!taking!steps!to!enable!the!confiscation!of!property!or!
assets! without! criminal! penalties! in! cases! where! the! perpetrator! cannot! be! prosecuted! on! the!
grounds!of!death,!escape,!or!other!issues.!According!to!Muladi,!the!substance!of!the!preventive!steps!
in!UNCAC!2003!that!Indonesia!can!implement!includes:(
1. Improvements!to!aspects!of!public!services(which!can!promote!efficiency,!transparency,!and!
recruitment!based!on!merit,!codes!of!conduct!of!public!servants,!financial!and!other!disclosure,!
and!appropriate!discipline!measures.!
2. The!criminalisation!of!various!new!Corruption!crimes.!
3. Establishing!comprehensive!international!cooperation;!
4. Detailed!arrangements!regarding!the!eradication!of!Corruption!in!the!private!sector((private!
sector);!as!well!as!
5. Return! on! assets! (asset! recovery7( Corruption! crime! results! in! the! Corruption! perpetrators!
being!taken!abroad.!Return!on!assets!indeed!is!a!breakthrough!from!UNCAC!2003 .!
From! an! international! agreement! perspective,! the! logical! consequence! of! the! inclusion! of!
UNCAC!in!the!national!legal!system!can!be!interpreted!as!a!country!being!bound!by!the!contents!of!
the!agreement.!State!parties!must!implement!the!convention's!provisions!and!refrain!from!taking!
actions! that! will! defeat! the! objects! and! purposes! of! the! ratified! convention.! UNCAC! outlines! a!
comprehensive! framework! of! legal! instruments! to! support! the! recovery! of! international! assets.!
There! are!five!main!things!regulated!in!UNCAC,!including!preventive!measures,!criminalisation!and!
law!enforcement,!international!cooperation,!return!of!assets,!and!technical!assistance!and!exchange!
of!information.!
UNCAC!also!outlines!legal!instruments!that!support!international!asset!recovery,!including!
criminal!confiscation!of!assets,!private!parties!involved!in!criminal!procedures,!confiscation!of!help!
without! a! criminal! conviction,! and! civil! law! forfeiture.! These! instruments! are! intended! to!
accommodate!law!enforcement!in!criminal!acts!of!corruption!so!that!it!is!more!optimal!and!does!
not!only!focus!on!the!crime!and!the!perpetrator,!thus!making!asset!recovery!an!essential!part!of!the!
law!enforcement!process.!
The!confiscation!of!assets!from!individuals!involved!in!corrupt!criminal!activities,!as!outlined!
in!UNCAC!2003,!can!be!accomplished!through!criminal!and!civil!avenues.!Additionally,!UNCAC,!in!
Article! 54! paragraph! (1)! letter! (c),! encourages! all! state! parties! to! consider! the! confiscation! of!
proceeds!of!crime!without!necessitating!a!criminal!conviction.!According!to!the!provisions!in!Article!
54!paragraph!(1)!letter!(c),!UNCAC!proposes!non-criminal!asset!confiscation!as!a!mechanism!that!
transcends!differences!among!legal!systems.!
In! Indonesia,! the! current! asset! confiscation! process! can! only! be! initiated! if! the! individual!
responsible!for!the!crime!has!been!legally!and!conclusively!declared! guilty!of!the!offence!through!a!
court!decision!that!is!legally!binding!and!unappealable.!In!essence,!asset!confiscation!is!linked!to!a!
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criminal! conviction,! but! implementing! this! unlawful! confiscation! often! encounters! significant!
challenges.!These!challenges!include!the!ability!of!offenders!to!transfer!or!move!the!proceeds!of!
their!illegal!activities!abroad,!with!some!even!fleeing!the!country!and!remaining!beyond!the!reach!
of!extradition.!As!a!solution!to!these!issues,!there!is!a!need!for!a!legal!framework!that!allows!the!
confiscation! of! assets! derived! from! criminal! activities! through! a! mechanism! known! as! Non-
Conviction!Based!Asset!Forfeiture.!The!NCB!mechanism!emphasises!the!seizure!of!criminal!assets!
themselves!rather! than!on!the! individuals! involved.! Therefore,! a! permanent!and!legally!binding!
conviction!against!the!offender!is!not!a!prerequisite!for!asset!confiscation!under!this!mechanism.!
Stefan! D.! Casella! provides! that! view! Non-Conviction! Based! Asset! Forfeiture! is! a! crucial!
requirement!to!save!assets.!Confiscation!of!support!is!not!enough!to!take!over!the!economic!profits!
obtained!from!criminals.!This!aspect!is!based!on!the!many!conditions!that!make!it!impossible!for!
the!perpetrator!to!be!prosecuted!criminally!because!it!requires!that!the!perpetrator!be!guilty!to!
confiscate!his!assets.!
Madrona!Reconductor!stated!that!if!there!is!a!suspicion!that!assets!are!related!to!a!criminal!
act,! these! assets! must! be! considered! tainted! assets.! Therefore,! NCB! Asset! Forfeiture! is! deemed!
capable!of!accommodating!the!movement!of!asset!confiscation!quickly!because!allegations!of!toxic!
assets!can!be!followed!up!immediately! without!waiting!for!a!criminal!decision.!Furthermore,!Nanda!
Narendra! Putra! said! the! concept! of! NCB! Asset! Forfeiture! would! be! helpful! in! various! contexts,!
especially!when!criminal!forfeiture!is!not!available!or!not!possible,!such!as:!
1. The!person!who!committed!the!crime!has!died!(death!automatically!stops!the!criminal!justice!
process);!
2. The!perpetrator!of!the!crime!has!fled!abroad!(the!criminal!process!is!hampered!and!in!limbo!
because!the!perpetrator!is!still!a!fugitive!even!though!he!can!be!tried!legally(/*(#8+($92+*5+("4,!
but!not!executable).!
3. Criminals!are!brutal!to!touch!because!of!the!robust!immunity!they!possess.!
4. The!infringer!was!unknown,!but!the!assets!were!discovered.!
5. The!related!assets!are!held!by!a!third!party!who!is!not!subject!to!criminal!charges,!but!there!is!
a!fact!that!the!assets!are!tainted.!
6. The!criminal!prosecution!could!not!proceed!because!there!was!insufficient!evidence.!
Criminal! assets! that! can! be! confiscated! are! assets! obtained! or! suspected! of! resulting! from!
criminal!acts,!namely:!
a. Assets!acquired!directly!or!indirectly!from!criminal!acts,!including!those!that!have!been!gifted!
or! converted! into! assets! of! individuals,! other! people,! or! corporations! in! the! form! of! capital,!
income!or!other!economic!benefits!obtained!from!such!assets.!
b. Assets!that!are!strongly!suspected!of!being!used!or!have!been!used!to!commit!a!criminal!act;!
c. Other!legitimate!assets!as!a!substitute!for!Criminal!Assets!or!
d. Assets!that!are!found!items!that!are!suspected!to!have!resulted!from!criminal!acts.!
There!is!a!slight!difference!from!general!civil!lawsuits,!which!require!the!claimant!to!prove!that!
there!are!elements!of!an!unlawful!act!and!the!losses!they!have!experienced.!Likewise,!the!asset!owner!
does!not!have!to!prove!that!he!is!innocent!or!not!involved!in!a!criminal!act.!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!only!
concerns!the!relationship!between!a!criminal!offence!and!the!asset!being!sued;!the!owner!needs!only!
prove!that!the!support! is!“innocent.”!If!the!owner!cannot!prove!this,!then!the!investment!is!declared!
"guilty"!and!confiscated!by!the!state.!
One! view! from! Muhammad! Yusuf! that! illustrates! the! main! point! of! the! concept! of! Asset!
Forfeiture,!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!is!one!of!the!efforts!that!can!be!made!to!return!assets!to!the!state!or!
to!parties!who!are!entitled!to!ownership!of!assets!that!are!not!reasonable!because!they!are!suspected!
to!be!the!proceeds!of!a!crime,!without!having!to!be!preceded!by!criminal!charges.!This!means!that!
confiscation!of!assets!can!be!carried!out!without!having!to!wait!for!an!illegal!decision!to!determine!
the!fault!and!impose!punishment!on!the!perpetrator.!
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According! to! Yenti! Garnasih! (2010),! the! most! appropriate! and! straightforward! procedural!
method!for!implementing!the!Non-Conviction!Asset!Forfeiture!(NCB)!mechanism!involves!several!
steps.!Initially,!assets!suspected!to!be!the!proceeds!of!a!crime!are!frozen!and!removed!from!economic!
circulation,! typically! through! a! court-ordered! confiscation.! Subsequently,! the! assets! are! officially!
declared!as!tainted!property!through!a!court!order.!Once!the!assets!are!classified!as!contaminated!
property,!the!court!issues!a!public!announcement!through!accessible!media!channels,!which!remains!
accessible!and!known!to!the!public!for!an!adequate!period,!typically!around!30!days.!This!duration!
is!sufficient!for!third!parties!to!know!that!the!court!intends!to!confiscate!these!assets.!If,!within!this!
time!frame,!a!third!party!wishes!to!contest!the!confiscation,!they!have!the!opportunity!to!submit!an!
objection!to!the!court.!To!substantiate!their!claim,!they!must!provide!valid!evidence!demonstrating!
ownership!of!the!property!and!clarify!how!it!was!acquired.!
Draft!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!can!be!applied!when!the!criminal!justice!process!is!not!possible!to!
run!optimally,!for!example,!in!the!following!conditions:!
1. The! perpetrator! of! the! crime! has! died! (death! will! automatically! stop! the! criminal! justice!
process);!
2. The!perpetrator!of!the!offence!runs!away!(the!criminal!justice!process!is!hampered!and!adrift!
so!that!the!convict!cannot!be!executed).!
3. Certain!things!make!it!difficult!for!perpetrators!of!criminal!acts!to!be!touched!because!their!
political!power!or!legal!immunity!hinders!them.!
4. Violators!are!challenging!to!find!or!unknown,!but!assets!are!located.!
5. Assets! are! held! by! third! parties! not! subject! to! criminal! charges,! but! these! assets! may! be!
contaminated.!
6. The!criminal!prosecution!process!cannot!continue!due!to!insufficient!evidence.!
7. The! perpetrator! has! been! declared! not! guilty! of! committing! a! crime! due! to! insufficient!
evidence.!NCB! Asset! Forfeiture! can! still! follow! up! on! the! suspected! assets! because! the! civil!
standard!of!proof!is!lower!than!the!standard!in!criminal!law.!
Process!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture!involves!PPATK!analyzing!assets!suspected!of!being!'tainted'!by!a!
criminal!act,!where!the!analysis!results!will!be!submitted!to!investigators.!When!the!perpetrator!is!
not! found! during! the! investigation,! the! assets! are! handed! over! to! the! District! Court! to!determine!
ownership! to! the! state! or! the! rightful! party.! NCB! Asset! Forfeiture! continues! to! mandate! the!
confiscation!of!assets!resulting!from!criminal!acts!through!court!examination!with!high!regard!for!
due!process!of!law,!and!several!countries!have!implemented!this!concept!without!being!based!on!the!
fault!of!the!asset!owner.!
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Notaries! are! bound! by! the! principle! of! prudence! to! exercise! their! authority! effectively.! As!
specified!in! the! Law!on!the! Position!of! Notaries,! when!fulfilling! their!role,! notaries! must! act! with!
honesty,!diligence,!trustworthiness,!independence,!and! impartiality!and!priorities!the!interests!of!the!
parties!involved!in!the!legal!transactions!documented!in!the!deed.!The!Notary!Code!of!Ethics!also!
mandates!that!Notaries!must!have!good!morals!and!personalities.!This!obligation!guides!Notaries!to!
carry!out!their!profession!while!adhering!to!morals!so!that! no! Notary's! actions!violate!applicable!
legal!provisions.!
A!notary!is!a!public!official!appointed!by!the!Minister!of!Law!and!Human!Rights!and!given!the!
authority!to!serve!the!public!in!making!authentic!deeds!and!other!deeds!deemed!necessary.!In!this!
way,!Notaries!are!one!element!of!the!profession!that!helps!the!government!to!provide!services! to!the!
community!and!plays!a!role!in!the!government's!efforts!to!monitor!and!control!legal!acts!in!society.!
One! is! supervising! money! laundering! crimes! by! reporting! suspicious! financial! transactions! using!
Notary/PPAT!services.!
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The!involvement!of!a!Notary!in!efforts!to!report!suspicious!transactions!is!based!on!the!role!of!
the!Notary!who!makes!an!authentic!deed!of!a!legal!event!carried!out!by!the!person!present.!To!be!
able!to!do!this! authentic! deed,!a!Notary!must,!of!course,!identify!the!presenting!data/documents!and!
implement!the!principle!of!identifying!service!users.!Therefore,!the!Notary!can!request!actual!data,!
documents,! and! information! from! the! audience! so! that! the! Notary! can! know! the! origin! and!
background! of! the! legal! action! carried! out! by! the! service! user.! The! Notary's! knowledge! and!
assessment!of!service!users!is!the!government's!effort!to!prevent!the!occurrence!of!criminal!acts!of!
money!laundering.!
The! notary! makes! introductions! and! gets! to! know! the! parties! and! their! identities,! carefully!
examines!the! documents!submitted! by! the! presenter.! Based! on! these! documents,! the!Notary! also!
coordinates!with!the!authorised!agencies.!This!is!the!most!basic!effort!a!Notary!can!take!to!prevent!
actions!not!by!the!law,!both!formally!and!materially.!So,!the!authentic!deed!that!will!be!made!has!little!
potential!to!cause!conflict!in!the!future.!
The!appointment!of!a!Notary!Public!as!a!reporter!for!money!laundering!crimes!is!governed!by!
Government!Regulation!43!of!2015,!which!pertains!to!Reporting!Parties!involved!in!preventing!and!
eliminating! money! laundering! crimes.! Specifically,! Article! 3! of! this! regulation! stipulates! that!
reporting!parties,!in!addition!to!those!mentioned!in!Article!2,!include!Advocates,!Notaries,!Officials,!
Land!Deed!Makers,!Accountants,!Public!Accountants,!and!Financial!Planners.!The!rationale!behind!
including! these! additional! reporting! parties! in! Government! Regulation! Number! 43! of! 2015! is!
explained!in!the!accompanying!section.!It!is!noted!that!advocates,!notaries,!land!deed!officials,!public!
accountants,! and! financial! planners,! based! on! research! conducted! by! PPATIK,! are! susceptible! to!
exploitation!by!money!laundering!criminals!seeking!to!conceal!or!disguise!the!illicit!origins!of!their!
assets.!These!individuals!may!take!advantage!of!the!confidentiality!provisions!governing!professional!
relationships!with!service!users,!which!are!regulated!by!statutory!provisions.!
The!role!of!Notaries!in!preventing!money!laundering!is!defined!in!Minister!of!Law!and!Human!
Rights!Regulation!Number!9!of!2017,!which!outlines!the!application!of!the!principle!of!recognising!
service!users!for!notaries.!As!one!of!the!reporting!parties!responsible!for!preventing!and!combating!
money!laundering!crimes,!notaries!must!recognise!service!users.!They!must!recognise!and!report!
suspicious!financial!transactions!by!individuals!seeking!notarial!services.!According!to!Minister!of!
Law!and!Human!Rights!Regulation!Number!9!of!2017,!these!suspicious! financial!transactions!can!
take!several!forms,!which!are!categorised!as!follows:!!
a. Financial!transactions!that!deviate!from!the!profile,!characteristics!or!transaction!pattern!habits!
of!the!service!users!concerned;!
b. Financial!transactions!by!service!users!which!are!reasonably!suspected!to!have!been!carried!out!
to!avoid!reporting!transactions!which! are!required!to!be!carried!out!by!the!reporting!party!by!the!
provisions!of!laws!and!regulations!governing!the!prevention!and!eradication!of!money!laundering!
crimes;!
c. Financial! transactions! carried! out! or! cancelled! using! assets! suspected! to! be! derived! from! the!
proceeds!of!criminal!acts!or!
d. The!financial!transactions!requested!by!the!PPATK!are!to!be!reported!by!a!Notary!because!they!
involve!assets!suspected!to!originate!from!the!proceeds!of!criminal!acts.!
Applying! the! principle! of! recognising! service! users! by! a!Notary! is! a! series! of! actions,! including!
identifying!service!users,!verifying!service!users,!and!monitoring!service!user!transactions.!This!series!
of!actions!must!be!implemented!by!the!Notary!when:!
a. Carrying!out!business!relationships!with!Service!Entrepreneurs!
b. There!are!financial! transactions! in! rupiah!and!foreign!currency!with!a!minimum!value!of!IDR!
100,000,000!(one!hundred!million!rupiah).!
c. There!are!suspicious!financial!transactions!related!to!money!laundering,!terrorism!crimes,!or!
d. The!notary!doubts!the!veracity!of!the!information!reported!by!service!users.!
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In!addition!to!the!regulations!above,!the!role!of!notaries!in!actively!participating!in!the!prevention!
of!money!laundering!is!further!reinforced!by!the!Regulation!of!the!Head!of!the!Center!for!Financial!
Transaction! Reporting! and! Analysis,! Number! 11! of! 2016,! outlining! the! Procedures! for! Submitting!
Suspicious!Financial!Transaction!Reports!for!Professionals!(Perka!PPATK).!Perka!PPATK!mandates!
that! professionals,! including! notaries,! are! required! to! submit! reports! on! suspicious! financial!
transactions.!Notaries!must!report!such!transactions!to!the!Center!for!Financial!Transaction!Reporting!
and!Analysis!(PPATK).!The!reporting!process!typically!includes!the!following!steps:!!
a. Purchase!and!sale!of!property.!
b. Management!of!money,!securities,!and!other!financial!service!products.!
c. Management!of!checking,!savings,!deposit,!and!securities!accounts.!
d. Company!operations!and!management;!and!
e. Establishment,!purchase,!and!sale!of!legal!entities.!
To!ascertain!whether!the!service!user's!actions!are!classified!as!suspicious!financial!transactions,!
the!Notary!scrutinises!every!document!and!statement!of!the!service!user.!One!effort!that!a!Notary!can!
make!is!to!obtain!information!regarding!the!beneficial!owner!or!the!beneficial!owner!of!a!legal!act!that!
will!be!stated!in!the!authentic!deed.!The!beneficial!owner!or!beneficial!owner(/2:!
a. Every!person!has!rights!and!receives!certain!benefits!related!to!service!user!transactions,!directly!
or!indirectly.!
b. every!person!who!is!the!actual!owner!of!the!property!related!to!the!service!user!transaction;!
c. every!person!who!controls!service!user!transactions;!
d. every!person!who!gives!authority!to!make!a!transaction;!
e. any!person!who!controls!the!corporation!and!
f. every!person!who!is!the!final!controller!of!transactions!carried!out!through!a!legal!entity!or!based!
on!an!agreement.!
To!implement!the!principles!of!recognising!service!users,!Notaries!must!understand!the!profile,!
data! identification,! aims! and! objectives! of! business! relationships,! and! transactions! carried! out! by!
service!users!with!beneficial!owners.!The!notary!then!verifies!service!users!and!monitors!the!fairness!
of!financial!transactions!from!service!users.!Based!on!sufficient!evidence!and!it!is!reasonable!to!suspect!
that! service! users! and! beneficial! owners! carry! out! suspicious! financial! transactions! to! hide! assets!
obtained!from!a!criminal!act,!the!Notary!must!report!suspicious!financial!transactions!to!PPATK.!
! As! a! party! who! has! a! special! responsibility! to! report! indications! of! suspicious! financial!
transactions,! Notaries! are! also! vulnerable! to! being! involved! in! money! laundering.! The! success! of!
preventing!money!laundering!crimes!by!Notaries!can!be!booming!if!carried!out!with!complete!integrity!
and!responsibility.!It!is!a!must! for!a!Notary!to!deeply!understand!his!duties!and!obligations,!apart!from!
making!authentic!deeds!for!the!parties,!but!also!to!understand!the!implications!of!what!will!happen!
when!the!authentic!deed!is!made.!
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The!occurrence!of!a!criminal!act!cannot!be!separated!from!the!main!issues!in!criminal!law!itself,!
which!include!the!criminal!act!committed,!the!error,!criminal!sanctions,!and!the!victims!of!the!criminal!
act.!Determining!whether!some one!can!be!held!criminally!responsible!is!analysing!whether!the!person!
concerned!committed!a!criminal!act.!This!means!that!the!perpetrator!commits!an!element!of!error,!
whether!it!was!done!intentionally!or!through!negligence.!As!a!result!of!this!error,!some!parties!suffer!
losses!(victims).!If!there!is!an!error,!it!is!determined!that!the!act!committed!is!a!criminal!act!which,!if!
carried!out,!carries!threatening!sanctions.!
The!involvement!of!a!Notary!in!money!laundering!activities!can!be!identified!when!suspicions!
arise!of!suspicious!financial!transactions!being!carried!out!by!the!parties!to!the!deed.!The!perpetrator!
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of!the!criminal!act,!which!in!this!case!is!the!presenter!or!the!person!who!ordered!someone!to!appear,!
is! indicated! to! have! carried! out! suspicious! financial! transactions.! General! indicators! that! can! be!
classified!as!suspicious!financial!transactions!include:!
1. Not!having!clear!economic!and!business!goals;!
2. Using!relatively!large!amounts!of!cash!and!doing!so!repeatedly!beyond!reasonable!limits!or!
3. Customer!transaction!activities!are!outside!the!norm!and!average.!
Apart!from!that,!the!Chairman!of!PPATK,!Kiagus!Badarudin,!explained!several!characteristics!that!
indicate!someone!is!committing!a!money!laundering!crime,!including:!
a. The!resulting!funds!or!assets!obtained!will!be!placed!in!the!financial!system.!Funds!obtained!
from!the!proceeds!of!crime!will!usually!be!placed!in!banking,!insurance!or!the!capital!market.!
b. They!are!transferring!funds!or!assets,!so!it!becomes!increasingly!difficult!to!find!their!origins.!
This!characteristic!is!usually!carried!out!by!perpetrators!by!placing!funds!in!one!bank,!then!
moving!them!to!another!bank,! and!then!transferring!them!to!an!account!in!another!name,!such!
as!the!account!of!a!maid,!maid's!wife,!and!so!on.!
c. They!are!using!funds!to!purchase!assets!in!a!region.!However,!the!asset!purchase!process!is!
carried!out!using!the!name!of!another!person!who!is!usually!not!from!their!circle!of!relatives.!
After!that,!to!obtain!these!assets,!the!perpetrator!will!pretend!to!buy!them!second-hand!using!
cash!or!credit.!
Searches!regarding!a!person's!flow!of!funds!and!transactions!can!be!carried!out!based!on!the!
abovementioned! criteria.! When! a! money! laundering! crime! has! been! proven! based! on! sufficient!
evidence,!the! person! can!be! charged! with! money! laundering! crimes.! Perpetrators! of! the! crime! of!
money!laundering,!in!carrying!out!their!actions,!certainly!need!means!so!that!their!actions!appear!to!
be!legal!and!do!not!indicate!a!criminal!act.!One!of!the!efforts!is!to!divert!money!from!criminal!acts!
into!assets.!There!are!3! (three)! basic!methods!criminals!use! to! move!their!illegal!funds!from!one!
transaction!system!to!another:!establishing!a! legal!business,! buying,! and!selling! transactions,!and!
transferring! them! to! overseas! tax-free! countries.! Two! of! the! three! methods! require! an! authentic!
deed.! The! notary! will! be! asked! for! information! by! investigators! regarding! the! authentic! deed! he!
made,! where! it! turns! out! that! the! authentic! deed! was! a! means! of! money! laundering! by! the!
perpetrator.! Investigators! and! PPATK! will! examine! the! Notary's! testimony! and! the! flow! of! funds!
entering! the! Notary's! account! to! prove! whether! the! Notary! has! collaborated! to! carry! out! an! evil!
conspiracy!with!the!perpetrator!of!the!crime!of!money!laundering.!
Investigators!and!PPATK!found!evidence!that!there!was!an!irregular!flow!from!the!account!of!the!
perpetrator!of!the!crime!of!money!laundering!to!the!Notary's!account,!as!well!as!other!supporting!
evidence;!it!is!reaso nable!to!suspect!that!the!Notary!was!involved!in!a!crime!of!money!laundering.!In!
terms!of!the!deed!made,!a!Notary!can!be!made!a!suspect!for!forgery!of!an!authentic!deed,!as!regulated!
in!Article!263!of!the!Criminal!Code,!which!stipulates!that:!
(1) Any!person!who!makes!a!fake!document!or!falsifies!a!letter!which!can!give!rise!to!a!right,!obligation,!
or!discharge!of!a!debt!or!which!is!intended!as!proof!of!something!to!use!or!order!another!person!to!
use!the!document!as!if!the!contents!were!accurate!and!not!falsified,!will!be!threatened!with!use.!
This!can!result!in!losses!due!to!forgery!of!documents,!with!a!maximum!prison!sentence!of!6!years.!
(2) The!same!criminal!penalty!is!imposed!on!anyone!who!deliberately!uses!a!fake!or!falsified!document!
as!if!it!were!genuine!if!using!the!letter!could!cause!harm.!
Moreover,!Article!264!of!the!Criminal!Code,!which!regulates!that:!
1. Forgery! of! documents! is! punishable! by! a! maximum! imprisonment! of! 8! years! if! committed!
against:!
a. Authentic!deeds.!
b. Debt!securities!or!debt!certificates!from!a!state,!part!thereof,!or!public!institution.!
c. Certificate! of! holding! or! debt! or! certificate! of! holding! or! debt! from! an! association,!
foundation,!company,!or!airline.!
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d. Talon,!proof!of!dividend!or!interest!from!one!of!the!letters!described!in!2!and!3,!or!proof!
issued!instead!of!those!letters.!
e. Letters!of!credit!or!commercial!letters!are!to!be!distributed.!
2. The! same! penalty! shall! be! imposed! on! anyone! who! deliberately! uses! the! letter! in! the! first!
paragraph,!the!contents!of!which!are!not!genuine,!or!which!are!falsified!as!if!they!were!true!and!
not!falsified!if!the!falsification!of!the!letter!could!result!in!losses.!
A! notary! can! at! least! be! held! criminally! liable! for! the! deed! they! make! based! on! Article! 263! of! the!
Criminal!Code!and!Article!264!of!the!Criminal!Code!if:!
a. The!notary!knows!that!when!a!person!appears!before!him!to!do!an!authentic!deed,!whether!in!
the!form!of!an!agreement!for!sale!and!purchase!or!another!agreement,!that!person!cannot!fulfil!
the!requirements!for!the!validity!of!an!agreement!based!on!the!applicable!laws!and!regulations.!
However,!the!notary!ignored!the!conditions!for!the!validity!of!the!agreement!and!continued!to!
make!the!deed!as!requested!by!the!parties.!
b. The!notary!knows!that!when!the!person!appears!before!him!to!do!an!authentic!dee d,!that!person!
has! provided! incorrect! information! and! is! included! in! the! deed.! The! notary! ignored! this! and!
continued!to!make!the!Authentic!Deed.!
In!this!context,!the!creation!of!an!authentic!deed!by!a!Notary!pertains!to!using!authentic!deeds!as!
a!method!for!money!laundering.!Consequently,!a!Notary!can!potentially!become!involved!in!a!distinct!
offence,! namely! the! crime! of! money! laundering,! in! which! they! would! be! considered! a! passive!
perpetrator.!Passive!money!laundering,!as!defined!in!Article!5!paragraph!(1)!of!Law!Number!8!of!2010!
concerning!the!Crime!of!Money!Laundering,!involves!an!individual!receiving!the!proceeds!of!a!crime!
from!the!perpetrator!of!a!money!laundering!offence.!
"Any! person! who! receives! or! controls! the! placement,! transfer,! payment,! grant,! donation,!
safekeeping,!exchange!or!use!of!assets!which!he!knows!or!reasonably!suspects!are!the!proceeds!
of! a! criminal! act! as! intended! in! Article! 2! paragraph! (1)! shall! be! punished! with! a! maximum!
imprisonment! of! 5! (five)! years! and! a! maximum! fine! of! IDR! 1,000,000,000.00! (one! billion!
rupiah).”!
The!elements!in!Article!5!paragraph!(1)!of!the!TPPU!Law!above,!examined!by!the!actions!of!a!Notary!
who!does!an!authentic!deed!for!a!perpetrator!of!a!mone y!laundering!crime,!can!be!described!as!follows:!
1. Every!person's!element!
Each!person!refers!to!an!individual!or!individuals!who!can!carry!out!specific!actions!and!can!be!
responsible!for!the!actions!they!carry!out.!In!this!case,!everyone!can!refer!to!a!Notary!who!carries!
out!an!act!in!the!form!of!making!an!authentic!deed.!
2. The!element!of!receiving!or!controlling!the!placement,!transfer,!payment,!grant,!donation,!custody,!
exchange!or!use!of!assets!
Acceptance! or! control! of! assets! that! are! placed,! transferred,! paid,! granted,! donated,! entrusted,!
exchanged,!or!used!is! an!act!in!which!a!person!or!in!this!case,!a!Notary,!uses!assets!that!he!received!
or!controlled!due!to!placement,!transfer,!payment,!grant,!donation,!deposit,!or!exchange.!This!can!
be! proven! by! checking! the! flow! of! funds! to! the! Notary's! account! to! see! whether! they! receive!
irregular!funds!from!perpetrators!of!money!laundering!crimes.!Apart!from!that,!it!is!also!possible!
that!the!ownership!of!irregular!assets!by!a!Notary!does!not!go!through!financial!services!facilities,!
meaning!that!the!money!from!the!perpetrator!is!physically!given!to!the!Notary.!As!long!as!there!is!
evidence!that!the!Notary!received!unreasonable!assets!from!the!perpetrator,!it!can!be!said!to!have!
fulfilled!the!elements!of!this!article.!
3. The!element!that!he!knows!or!reasonably!suspects!results!from!a!criminal!act.!
This!element!requires!that!the!person!who!receives!or!controls!the!assets!knows!that!the!assets!
given!to!him!are!the!proceeds!of!a!criminal!act.!A!Notary!who!continues!to!receive!and!control!assets!
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from!a!person!who!knows!that!these!assets!were!obtained!from!the!proceeds!of!a!money!laundering!
crime!can!be!suspected!of!being!a!passive!perpetrator.!
In!summary,!it!can!be!deduced!that!the!funds!received!by!a!Notary!fall!under!the!"transfer!and!
payment!that!is!reasonably!suspected!to!be!the!result!of!a!criminal!act."!Therefore,!a!Notary!may!face!
imprisonment,!as!indicated!in!Article!5,!paragraph!(1)!of!Law!Number!8!of!2010!concerning!the!Crime!
of!Money!Laundering.!Ironically,!Notaries,!who!should!ideally!be!at!the!forefront!of!preventing!money!
laundering,! may! sometimes! be! implicated! in! money! laundering! activities! themselves.! As! individuals!
legally! authorised! to! report! signs! of! money! laundering,! Notaries! should! exercise! great! caution! and!
adhere!to!the!principle!of!recognising!service!users!as!an!initial!step!in!combating!money!laundering.!
Criminal!charges!may!be!applied!if!a!Notary!is!found!to!have!been!involved!in!money!laundering.!
According!to!Article!52!of!the!Criminal!Code,!when!an!official!commits!a!criminal!act,!breaches!a!specific!
duty!associated!with!their!position,!or!employs!the!authority!or!resources!granted!to!them!due!to!their!
position!to!commit!a!criminal!act,!the!penalty!can!be!increased!by!one-third.!!
Therefore,!a!Notary!who!meets!the!criteria!outlined!in!Article!5!paragraph!(1)!of!the!Law!on!the!
Eradication!of!Money!Laundering!(TPPU!Law),!as!they!have!committed!a!criminal!act!in!their!capacity!
as!a!public!official!with!the!authority!to!create!authentic!deeds!and!have!violated!the!special!duty!to!
report!suspicious!financial!transactions,!may!be!subject!to!an!increased!penalty!of!one!third.!
As!a!defendant,!a!notary!has!the!right!to!carry!out!reverse!evidence!due!to!his!involvement!in!a!
money!laundering!crime!through!an!authentic!deed!he!made.!The!notary!has!the!right!to!prove!that!his!
assets!do!not!come!from!the!proceeds!of!a!criminal!act.!If!the!judge!accepts!the!evidence,!the!Notary!and!
his!assets!can!be!released.!The!concept!of!reverse!evidence!has!a!limited!and!balanced!nature,!meaning!
that!reverse!evidence!is!limited!to!specific!actions,!and!the!burden!of!proof!also!remains!on!the!public!
prosecutor! based! on! the! indictment.! Reverse! evidence! provides! two! possibilities:! if! the! defendant!
cannot! prove! that! his! assets! do! not! come! from! the! proceeds! of! a! criminal! act,! then! through! a! court!
decision! that! has! permanent! legal! force,! the! assets! that! have! been! previously! confiscated! will! be!
confiscated!and!handed!over!to!the!state!treasury!as!Non-Tax!State!Income!(PNBP).!If!it!turns!out!that!
the!defendant!can!prove!that!the!assets!did!not!come!from!the!proceeds!of!a!crime,!then!the!panel!of!
judges!can!issue!a!verdict!of!acquittal!against!the!defendant.!
The!threat!of!punishment!that!may!be!imposed!on!Notaries!who!have!passively!committed!the!
crime! of! money! laundering! is! the! confiscation! of! assets! resulting! from! criminal! acts.! A! notary! who!
receives!a!flow!of!funds!from!a!perpetrator!of!an!active!money!theft!crime,!in!addition!to!receiving!a!
prison!sentence,!can!also!have!the!assets!obtained!from!the!proceeds!of!the!crime!confiscated.!The!TPPU!
Law!regulates!in!Article!79,!paragraph!(4),!that:!
"If!the!defendant!dies!before!the!verdict!is!handed!down!and!there!is!sufficient!evidence!that!the!
person!concerned!has!committed!the!crime!of!money!laundering,!the!judge,!at!the!request!of!the!public!
prosecutor,!decides!on!the!confiscation!of!the!assets!that!have!been!confiscated."!
The! asset! confiscation! system,! which! was! initially! carried! out! because! the! defendant! died,! is! now!
starting!to!be!designed!to!be!able!to!apply!to!other!defendants'!conditions,!which!are!felt!to!hamper!the!
law!enforcement!process.!These!conditions!are!contained!in! the! Draft!Law!on!Confiscation!of! Assets!
Related!to!Criminal!Acts,!according!to!which!all!criminal!acts!that!are!committed! and!cause!losses!to!the!
State!or!other!parties!can!be!subject!to!confiscation!of!assets! w ithout!being!required!to!undergo!criminal!
prosecution.!In!this!case,!a!Notary!suspected!and!proven!to!be!involved!in!a!money!laundering!crime!
may! also! be! threatened! with! asset! confiscation.! However,! to! confiscate! assets! from! a! Notary! who! is!
suspected!of!being!involved!in!the!crime!of!money!laundering!through!a!deed!he!made,!he!must!fulfil!
conditions!such!as:!
1. Assets!that!can!be!confiscated!consist!of:!
a. Assets!worth!at!least!IDR!100,000,000!(one!hundred!million!rupiah)!And!
b. Assets!related!to!criminal!acts!are!punishable!by!imprisonment!for!4!(four)!years!or!more.!
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2. The! suspect! or! defendant! is! dead,! absconding,! permanently! ill,! or! whose! whereabouts! are!
unknown;!
3. The!defendant!was!acquitted!of!all!legal!charges;!
4. The!criminal!case!cannot!be!tried;!
5. The!defendant!had!been!found!guilty!by!a!court!that!had!permanent!legal!force,!and!later,!it!was!
discovered!that!there!were!criminal!assets!that!had!not!been!declared!confiscated.!
If!deeper!analysis!is! conducted,!and! it! is! found!that! a! Notary!has! knowingly! and! deliberately!
collaborated! with! parties! to! create! an! authentic! deed! for! a! legal! act! that! is! reasonably! suspected! to!
involve!elements!of!a!criminal!offence,!the!Notary!could!be!subject!to!legal!consequences!under!Article!
264!of!the!Criminal!Code!and! Article!5!paragraph!(1)!of!Law!Number! 8!of!2010!concerning!the!Crime!of!
Money!Laundering.!The!potential!legal!penalties!include!imprisonment!for!a!maximum!of!7!years!and!a!
maximum!fine!of!IDR!1,000,000,000!(one!billion!rupiah).!
If!the!concept!of!asset!confiscation!without!prosecution!is!implemented!in!the!Indonesian!legal!
system!through!the!Draft!Asset!Confiscation!Law,!Notaries!could!become!subjects!of!asset!confiscation!
if!they!are!suspected!of!involvement!in!a!money!laundering!offence.!Asset!confiscation!may!be!applicable!
if!the!Notary!is!deceased,!has!fled,!is!seriously!ill,!or!their!whereabouts!are!unknown.!The!absence!of!a!
Notary! as! a! suspect/defendant! in! the! crime! of! money! laundering! results! in! obstruction! of! legal!
procedures!that!must!be!carried!out.!However,!through!this!confiscation!of!assets,!the!pursuit!is!carried!
out!against!the!person!but!also!the!assets!so!that!the!absence!of!a!suspect/defendant!will!not!hinder!the!
law!from!pursuing!assets!resulting!from!criminal!acts.!
Potential!sanctions!for!asset!confiscation,!seen!from!the!Draft!Asset!Confiscation!Law!itself,!can!
be! carried! out! after! initial! evidence,! based! on! searches! carried! out! by! investigators! by! requesting!
documents! from! each! person,! government! agency! or! other! related! agencies.! Suppose! from! the!
investigation!results!it!is!reasonably!suspected!that!the!assets!in!question!are!assets!obtained!from!the!
proceeds!of!a!criminal!act.!In!that!case,!the!investigator!can!block!and!confiscate!them.!
The! assets! that! have! been! blocked! and! confiscated! are! handed! over! to! the! Attorney! General!
along!with!supporting!documents,!which!a!determination!by!the!local!District!Court!regarding!the!assets!
confiscated!precedes.!After!handing!over!the!assets,!the!Attorney!General,!as!the!state!attorney,!submits!
a!request!for!asset! confiscation!to!the!District!C ourt,!which!has!the!authority!to!examine,!try!and!decide!
on!the!asset!confiscation!request.!Based!on!this!request,!the!District!Court!summoned!the!State!Attorney!
to!attend!the!examination!at!the!court!hearing.!Suppose!it!is!proven!based!on!examination!at!a!court!
hearing!that!the!assets!are!assets!obtained!from!the!proceeds!of!a!criminal!act.!In!that!case,!the!court!
can!decide!that!the!state!confiscates!the!assets.!
Based!on!this!description,!assets!resulting!from!criminal!acts!are!the!subject!of!trial!so!that!the!
presence!of!the!perpetrator!of!the!criminal!act!is!not!an!obstacle!to!confiscating!these!assets.!Suppose!it!
relates!to!a!Notary!whose!authentic!deed!is!used!for!money!laundering.!Based!on!preliminary!evidence,!
it! turns! out! that! the! Notary! is! proven! to! have! collaborated! with! the! parties! to! carry! out! money!
laundering.!In!that!case,!the!assets!that!are!proven!to!have!been!obtained!by!the!Notary!from!receiving!
irregular! assets! can! be! confiscated! by! the! state.! A! Notary! whose! whereabouts! are! unknown! or! in! a!
condition! where! he! cannot! be! tried! through! the! normal! judicial! process! so! that! recovery! of! losses!
resulting! from! criminal! acts! can! continue,! the! pursuit! of! the! Notary's! assets! becomes! a! form! of!
punishment!for!the!criminal!act!that!has!been!committed.!
!
CONCLUSION))
This!text!describes!two!legal!concepts,!namely!"NCB!Asset!Forfeiture"!(Confiscation!of!Assets!
Based!on!Non-Conviction)!and!the!role!of!notaries!in!preventing!money!laundering!crimes.!In!NCB!Asset!
Forfeiture,!assets!related!to!a!criminal!offence!can!be!sued!(in!rem),!with!the!asset!owner!needing!only!
to!prove!that!the!assets!are!“innocent.”!If!the!owner!cannot!prove!this,!the!state!can!confiscate!the!assets.!
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Meanwhile,!notaries!have!an!essential!role!in!avoiding!misuse!of!notarial!acts!for!money!laundering!by!
applying!the!principle!of!prudence!and!recognising!service!users.!They!also!must!identify!suspicious!
financial!tran sactions!and!report!them.!Notaries!can!face!legal!action!Even!if!they!are!involved!in!money!
laundering!practices!through!notarial!acts.!In!the!context!of!NCB!Asset!Forfeiture,!confiscation!of!assets!
resulting!from!criminal!acts!can!be!carried!out!against!perpetrators!of!criminal!acts,!including!notaries,!
without! waiting! for! the! legal! status! of! the! individuals! involved.! Thus,! this! text! illustrates! NCB! Asset!
Forfeiture!principles,!notaries'!role!in!preventing!money!laundering,!and!the!legal!consequences!that!
notaries!involved!in!money!laundering!crimes!may!face.!
,
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