Construction of Reality and Social Criticism in the Frame of Online Media (Framing Analysis of News on the Kanjuruhan Football Tragedy in Tempo Online Magazine October 10-16 2022 Edition)
Dela Sulistiyawan Yunior
Departemen Ilmu
Komunikasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected]
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Keywords |
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ABSTRACT |
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Framing Pan� & Kosicki,
Tempo Online Magazine, Kanjuruhan Tragedy, Construction of Reality, Social
Criticism |
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The
rapid development of social media provides easy access to unlimited
information and freedom of information. Access to the internet allows every
individual to access a variety of available information. Information about
the Kanjuruhan football tragedy which caused many fatalities is an
interesting topic for the media to cover. The methodology used in this
research is framing analysis developed by Pan and Kosicky, while the approach
adopted is a qualitative approach. The findings obtained from this
investigation are that Tempo online magazine's reporting on the tragedy was
critical, informative and very provocative. These indications can be seen
from the results of the framing analysis carried out, namely in the framing
of the main news: in the Kanjuruhan tragedy there were errors and omissions
caused by the security team (either the political committee or police
officers), syntactic elements: strengthening the main framing by using
unbalanced quotes from sources and the news writer has too many opinions,
script elements: strengthening the news, the How element to reduce the why
element, thematic elements: there are 5 big themes in the news as material
for the news writer, rhetorical elements: the use of cover photos and several
graphics and words used to emphasize elements of news that seem hyperbolic
and provocative. Furthermore, it can be concluded by researchers that Tempo
Online magazine constructs reality for the purposes of social criticism to
the Kanjuruhan tragedy competition committee and the government, especially
the Indonesian National Police, in reporting through a framing process. |
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INTRODUCTION
The relationship between humans and the
mass media is very close. The mass media plays an important role in conveying
information to people about matters related to themselves, other people, and
the environment. In this modern era, every human being is very dependent on the
mass media and needs it to get information. According to George Gerbner, the
mass media has become a form of religion that is widely recognized by today's
society. It is not surprising that McQuail stated that the media is an
information channel that allows individuals to see events happening in the
outside world (Ishanan, 2019).
Several forms of media that are currently
popularly used by the public include print media such as newspapers and
magazines, electronic media such as television and radio, and online media such
as websites and social media platforms. The rapid development of technology and
information in recent years has changed people's preferences in choosing
communication channels, with online media becoming an increasingly popular
choice. This phenomenon is the main reason why conventional communication has
changed to become more modern and digital (Bungin, 2008).
According to Kumala (2022), with
technological advances, we can now obtain various information quickly even
though not all of it is accurate with the actual situation because it is
responded to by various media. One of the media that currently provides various
kinds of information quickly is online media. Online media is the third
generation of mass media after print media and electronic media which provides
various information via the internet.
In carrying out its role, the mass media
does not operate in an isolated, free or independent manner, but is bound by social
reality. There are various interests involved in the mass media, or in other
words, there is a battle between "ideologies" in it (Basit, Abdul,
2007).
The basic principle is that the
ideological orientation of a press institution significantly influences the
characteristics of the news it publishes. However, at the same time, it is
important to remember that criticism of press institutions always reflects
problems that arise and are felt by society in general. Therefore, it requires
not only the intelligence of journalists in conveying criticism, but also the
intelligence of the government and state administrators in carrying out
evaluations and introspection in order to sort out incoming criticism.
Moreover, criticism, no matter how bad it may seem, must have significant
informational value (Ishanan, 2019).
In the process of identifying ideological
trends, it is important to consider the presence of relevant issues. The study
of each of these cases or issues involves various abstractions and groupings by
the individuals involved. According to Edelman, quoted by Eriyanto, the
categorization process is basically a creative and reconstructive process which
is important to give a reasonable and rational impression, so that it can
change a person's views or attitudes. In general, the reality observed is
similar, it's just that differences in the language used to describe the
reality can influence a person's perception when seeing and interpreting the
reality (Eriyanto, 2008).
In the context of selecting issues and
framing news from a media, one of the interesting issues to study is the issue
of the football tragedy at Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang which left 132
supporters dead. This tragedy not only became a trending topic in Indonesia in
early October 2022, but also became a trending topic worldwide. Various
international news sites reported on the tragedy with various news framing. (https://www.republika.co.id/berita/rj4efl485/tragedi-stadion-kanjuruhan-diberitakan-di-settle-dunia
accessed on 16 October 2022 at 15.47)
In this incident, the FIFA President also
responded to the Kanjuruhan tragedy which resulted in many fatalities in the
match between Arema FC and Persebaya Surabaya. FIFA jointly expressed its
condolences for the tragedy that occurred in Kanjuruhan. In addition, it was
decided that all international football matches must observe a moment of
silence as an expression of prayer for the victims of this tragedy. (https://m.merdeka.com/sepakbola/bolacom/pernyataan-besar-presiden-fifa-terkait-tragedi-kanjuruhan.html
accessed on 16 October 2022 at 15.50)
News about the Kanjuruhan case was almost
published in all online media in Indonesia, with various different frames,
because the public was very interested in this incident. Likewise with one of
the online portals https://majalah.tempo.co/ which also reported on the
tragedy. Researchers chose magazines.tempo.co as the research object because as
part of the Tempo Media Group and magazines.tempo.co has been involved in the
world of journalism for a long time.
Apart from that, the Tempo Media Group is
known as a media that dares to publish criticism of the government, by
obtaining the right data and choosing reliable sources in the research process.
In fact, in 1982, Tempo magazine experienced its first ban because it was
considered too critical of the New Order regime. The second ban occurred on
June 21 1994 when the government through the Minister of Information Harmoko
decided to ban Tempo magazine. (https://www.tempo.id/corporate.php accessed on
16 October 2022 at 16.10).
Another and most important reason related
to this research is that magazines.tempo.co is the only online portal that has
created a special column with a magazine focus cover for the 10 October - 16
October 2022 issue about the Kanjuruhan tragedy. In this special column there
are several main reports related to interesting topics related to the
Kanjuruhan tragedy.
In reporting, the media has a frame, the
media has an important role in selecting and reporting news. The perspective or
point of view used will influence the facts given, the parts emphasized or
omitted, and the purpose of the news. In more detail, framing is a strategy
used by journalists in selecting and compiling issues that will be made into
news. In this framing process, journalists will choose a particular point of
view or perspective that will be used to compile the story. Thus, the
perspective or point of view used will influence the facts chosen, the parts
that are highlighted or omitted, and the direction that will be taken in the
reporting. (Sobur, 2011).
Media news will be significantly affected
by the ideology attached to the media. Differences in media construction can be
seen in the way they report an issue, due to differences in the ideology
underlying the media. The media has a subjective point of view in conveying
news. Framing analysis is a research method that focuses on mass media and is
based on social construction theory. This theory states that the reality seen
or read through the mass media is not the actual reality, but is the result of
a construction process by the media. This theory was introduced by Peter L.
Berger, an interpretive sociologist, who argued that the concept of reality is
formed scientifically and is not something handed down by God, but instead,
reality is formed and constructed by humans. (Eriyanto, 2011).
The method of framing analysis is always
widely used by researchers and the issue of tragedy in football is always
interesting to study. However, currently no research has been found that focuses
on framing analysis associated with tragedy, especially in football. The
closest research using the keywords "framing" and
"football" was carried out by Pratama et al (2022) regarding framing
analysis regarding Lionel Messi's move from Barcelona to PSG carried out by
bola.com and bolasport.com, there are similarities in the reports of Messi's
arrival at PSG between bola.com and bolasport.com.
Another close research is that conducted
by Sandi, et al (2022) "Analysis of Detik.com's Online Media Framing in
Reporting Victims of Beatings by Bobotoh" shows that Detik.com has
portrayed HS too in-depth, including his personal life, which violates the
victim's privacy. Researchers recommend that Detik.com understand and follow
the Cyber Media Reporting Guidelines in its journalistic practices.
The limitation of the two studies above is
that researchers have not seen the relationship between framing in the
construction of reality and social criticism in reporting. Me d ia has an
important role in forming meaning. Fundamentally, media work involves the task
of reality construction, where the diverse realities presented in the field are
collected and selected for construction, while others are ignored. Because of
its ability to construct reality, the media has a significant influence in
providing understanding and images to society as a result of its construction.
Bearing this in mind, this study is
intended to examine how Pan and Kosicky's framing model was used in framing the
coverage of the Kanjuruhan Football Tragedy in Tempo.co Online Magazine for the
period 10 October - 16 October 2022. Apart from that, this observation also
aims to see how a media constructs reality and social criticism. Through
framing. This research is also expected to be able to contribute to increasing
understanding of how to present the news. And can broaden people's insight to
better understand what the media is in packaging news and can be a reference
for the media in conveying neutral news.
METHODS
In this research, a qualitative approach
was taken where the data collected was not in the form of numbers, but came
from sources such as field notes, personal documents, memos and other official
documents. The purpose of this research is to describe and understand the
phenomena experienced by research subjects through descriptive methods and
qualitative approaches. In this research, data will be collected using words
and language which will be analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of empirical
reality and its relationship with existing theory (Moleong, 2014).
In the view of Boghdan and Taylor (cited
in Moleong, 2014), a qualitative method is a research method that produces
descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words originating from
individuals and observable behavior. Rachmat Kriyantono, (2014) revealed that
research that utilizes qualitative descriptive methods also has the aim of
forming propositions or revealing the meaning behind the observed phenomena.
This kind of research seeks to see events that occur in the real world and
present the findings obtained from the research.
In terms of research techniques,
researchers utilized Pan and Kosicki's framing analysis method. The subject of
this research took the subject and primary data source from magazine.tempo.co
regarding the Kanjuruhan football tragedy period 10 October - 16 October 2022.
In the period above there were 5 news stories picked up by magz.tempo.co, but
the researcher only took 1 news story, this was selected by the researcher
because only that news was suitable for analysis because it had a complete news
structure and was in accordance with research topic. Researchers will analyze
the headline published by the online media tempo.co �Deadly Shots of Expired
Tear Gas�.
Framing analysis is used to study
stakeholders in a hierarchy of power, groups who benefit and groups who lose,
parties who carry out oppression and parties who are victims of oppression, as
well as policies that receive or do not receive support. (Eriyanto, 2011). The
Pan and Kosicki framing analysis method was chosen because this method is known
to be very suitable for studying problems related to this issue. This method
has the advantage of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the coverage
provided by the media under study.
There are four tools used by Pan and
Kosicki to analyze framing, namely syntactic, script, thematic, and rhetorical.
One of the framing principles states that journalists can implement certain
standards of truth, objectivity and boundaries in processing and presenting
news (Eriyanto, 2011).
RESULTS
Tempo.co magazine, which acts as a
media that has a wide reach, demonstrates an analytical approach in reporting
the tragic incident in Kanjuruhan by examining all matters related to the
disaster, the policies adopted by the government, as well as the aspects of
power involved. Tempo.co magazine can be called a
media that is not only informative and educative, but also provocative in
nature with the intention to provide understanding to the public so that they
are aware of the problems that are currently happening.
In the context of reporting on the
Kanjuruhan football tragedy, Pan and Kosicki's Framing Model analysis was used
to analyze how the media reported the incident :
A.
Syntactic
Structure
1. Title
The title is the most important element
in a story because it functions as an identity. As such an identity, the
position and reputation of the media that publishes it, broadcasts it, or shows
it is at stake. In fact, the integrity and capabilities of the media as a whole
can be reflected in the headlines they write. A mass media that has a
reputation and high integrity will ensure that the headlines it produces comply
with its capacity standards. Their goal is to be seen as an intellectual,
proportionate, and professional source of news. In addition, they also want to
be appreciated and respected as a mass media that has an educational function.
The mass media do not want to be blamed for using non-standard words and terms
in their titles, they realize that the mass media has a function as an educator
who always sets a good example. This function should also be reflected in the
news titles and articles presented by the mass media (Juwito, 2008).
Titles play an important role in
identifying information. High quality news will lose meaning if it is not given
the right title. The significance of the news headline can be interpreted
through two important views. First, in terms of the news
itself, without a title it will make it unidentifiable, unknown and abstract so
that it does not have any meaning. This will hinder his ability to convey the
message that is at the heart of communication. Second, from the reader's
perspective, news headlines play an important role. The headline is the main
factor that attracts readers to read, or even just skip it. An effective news
headline must meet the following seven criteria: (1) have provocative elements,
(2) be short and concise, (3) relate to a relevant topic, (4) have a clear
function, (5) use formal language, ( 6) represent the content of the news as a
whole, and (7) use standard language (Sumadiria, 2004).
Magazine.tempo.co chose a title related
to reporting on the provocative case. The researcher saw two provocative
titles, namely the title of the news being researched at this time, namely
"Expired Tear Gas Deadly Shot" and the title on the cover of the magazine,
namely "One of the Commands in Kanjuruhan" . Without realizing it,
the news writer seemed to highlight and highlight that the Kanjuruhan tragedy
referred to a mistake on the part of the authorities, in this case the police
because the word "commando" is a word that refers to the
military/police world. It's different, for example, if the word command is
replaced by the word command, then the reader will wonder whose order this is,
because the word command is a more general word.
Apart from that, in making this title
it looks like the news is exaggerated. The use of the word "death" in
the title tends to give a negative connotation and seems very dangerous. This,
as expressed by Thussu (2007), is that more attention is focused on things that
are horrendous, scary and considered "crazy" rather than factual
news. Media presents information that is considered important by the public or
audience, as well as content that is considered interesting and can increase
popularity and income.
2. Leads
The news headline is the initial
paragraph that conveys the main facts or information in the context of
journalism. News core functions include seeking the reader's attention,
providing recognition, linking with other information, and giving credence. To
prevent the possibility of invalid news appearing, it is necessary to clarify
these functions so that every journalist, including reporters and editors,
always pays attention to them and pays attention to them. (Juwito, 2008).
The lead in the news read: "The
Kanjuruhan Stadium Tragedy Started with a Messy Police Chain of Command.
Triggered by Tear Gas Shots towards the Tribune� The author of the lead news
story at magz.tempo.co also seemed provocative and exaggerated. If in the news
writer's headline the previous title said it was not clear whose command it
was, in the lead it was further emphasized that it was a command from the
police, the news writer claimed that the command that occurred was a mess but
whether it was proven to be a mess would of course have to wait for further
investigation.
Apart from that, news writers at
magazine.tempo.co prioritize the use of how leads and often include their
personal opinions in creating their news leads. This shows that
magazine/tempo.co wants to highlight the value of information. Thus, the value
of news lies in the substance of the events that occurred, not in the identity
of the informant.
In the field of journalism, there is
the phrase "news is disaster" which means that news is anything
related to disasters. Disasters always attract attention wherever they occur,
whether they are surprising or have terrible impacts such as the tsunami
tragedy in Aceh (Juwito, 2008).
The selection of a lead or news opener
based on considerations about how an event occurred, the solution steps to be
taken, or how to deal with a problem, is considered to have higher news value
than other elements, namely the perpetrator (who), a description of what happened ( what), determining the time of the
incident (when), the location of the incident (where), and the reasons behind
the incident (why).
3. Background
information
According to researchers,
magazine.tempo.co, from the beginning of the report, in the process of making
the news, had background information that errors and omissions lay with the
security team (both the political committee and police officers) so that
the quotes taken by the sources referred to this big theme. This is done with
the aim of strengthening the title and introduction that has been made before.
Based on this information, there is a
possibility that there was an attempt to damage the reputation of the police
and the implementation team in the incident. Majalah.tempo.co focuses on
omissions/errors in the background information of each publication. This is in
accordance with Assegaf's research, (1991) which states that with the
information conveyed, readers cannot obtain evidence of unusual information,
even the information obtained tends to be boring and creates fear. In fact,
extraordinary or strange things will always attract human attention.
4. Source
Citations, Statements of Fact and Opinions
Quotes from sources used by magz.tempo.co as a source of news
information directly
related to the subject of the news obtained from
various sources, according to researchers, there are too many so that readers
will be confused about interpreting the news . Researchers analyzed
15 sources whose statements were quoted. Then the researcher concluded that
there were 9 sources who tended to blame the security team and the match
committee. There were 4 speakers from the political committee and the police
and 2 neutral sources. This scheme has certainly been seen to place the panel
and the police in a less prominent role, but also in the minority among other
views. In fact, according to Rosentiel, (2003) maintaining a balance of
information is important in every journalistic activity to avoid information
bias .
In this research, it can be observed
that magazine.tempo.co tends to use statements from news sources in compiling
its news. But the researchers also saw that there were quite a lot of
statements of fact and opinion used by news writers. The researchers analyzed that one third of the news
was written statements of fact and opinion. Not to mention that there are still
many quotes from sources that are only quoted a little, used at the end of the
paragraph, with the initial paragraph being a statement of fact/or opinion from
the news writer, so the source is used to strengthen the statement of
fact/opinion from the news writer.
For greater clarity,
the researcher provides several examples of news paragraphs. One of them is the
following paragraph:
�At around 21.39 W1B, the referee blew
the long whistle. The match ended with a score of 2-3 in favor of Persebaya.
Persebaya players went straight to the dressing room under the VIP stands on
the west side of the stadium. Meanwhile, Arema players and officials stayed on
the field. "After 23 years, this is the first time Arema has lost at home
against Persebaya."
The news paragraph above is an example
of a fact statement from a news writer, according to the conditions that occur
in the field. Facts that are true can be proven with valid data, for example
the fact of the final result of the match and the fact that Arema's defeat was
the first to be kicked by Persebaya.
"Hundreds of police who guarded
the stadium considered Aremania's actions a threat . Moreover, the number of
supporters who take to the field is increasing."
The news paragraph above is an example
of an opinion statement from a news writer, the phrase "consider it a
threat" is a form of opinion whose truth is not yet known, the news writer
did not interview the police whether it was true that it was considered a form
of threat from the police officers on duty.
The news paragraph above is an example of an opinion statement from a news writer
which is supported by the source's statement. In
delivering its communications, magazine.tempo.co
appears to act as an intermediary in communication, with the source as the
party conveying the message and the reader as the party receiving the message.
This indicates that magazine.tempo.co really fulfills its function as a media
that is critical and informative but also provocative because the various
sources clash sharply in the news with the addition of statements of facts and
opinions from news writers.
In the field of journalism, a
theological approach can often result in a lack of awareness among media actors
regarding the social phenomena that should be communicated. Therefore, critical
reflection is needed on the application of deontological moral principles. Deontological ethics is a principle
that guides communication practitioners. This principle emphasizes the
importance of carrying out obligations sincerely without expecting anything in
return. In this deontological view, the processes and requirements that enable
the attainment of goodness or virtue are of utmost concern. When evaluating the
moral value of an action or activity, the principles on which it is based must
be considered without regard to possible consequences. This means that moral
values are intrinsic and universal (Choliq,
Abdul, 2011).
5. Closing
At the end of the news, there is a
summary containing the author's interpretation, recommendation or opinion
regarding the main problem being expressed as a guide for readers. (Juwito , 2008
). The
analysis unit for closing the news in Tempo.co magazine is compiled using fact
statements which are then strengthened by news sources. Covers on
magazine.tempo.co tend to be more closed.
To clarify, the researcher provides an
example. In the news researched, even though it is one news story, there are
two major themes in the reporting so there are two concluding paragraphs, the
data can be seen below:
�This incident has made a number of
state agencies investigate the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy. National Human
Rights Commission, Protection Agency The Rl Ombudsman, the Indonesian Football
Association Investigation Team, as well as a joint independent fact-finding
team formed by the Coordinating Ministry for Politics , Law and Security also
went to Malang. "Tragedies occur because of unclear lines of
command," said Komnas HAM Commissioner Mohammad Choirul Anam. �
(first cover)
"The PSSI Disciplinary Commission
has imposed sanctions on Abdul Haris, Suko Sutrisno, and Arema FC management. Haris
and Suko are prohibited from managing football in Indonesia. Arema FC
management was fined Rp. 250 million. For the next year, Arema matches are
prohibited from being attended by sponsors. They are only allowed to hold
matches as close as 250 kilometers from Malang. "If it's not made
worse," said PSSI Disciplinary Commission Chairman Erwin Tobing (second
cover).
The news paragraph above is an example
of a closed paragraph, starting with a statement of fact and then supporting it
with a quote from the source. In this case the reader is not given the
opportunity to draw conclusions but is immediately invited to follow the conclusion that the party and
the security committee were at fault in this tragedy. According to Al Fitri
(2006), a closed closing approach refers to the method of using source
statements that have final characteristics. In this aim, the final view is
formed to be presented to readers without leaving room for them to draw their
own conclusions.
B.
Script
Structure
News reports are often composed in
narrative form. This is caused by two factors, first, many news reports try to
show connections, where the event being reported is a continuation of a
previous event. Second, news generally has a goal of connecting the written
text with the social context of the reader.
The general format of this script is known as 5W+1H,
although it is not always found in every news article, the presence of complete
elements can be an indication of significant framing. In this context,
journalists have a strategy to ensure that the news they write can attract
readers' attention. The emphasis on this storytelling strategy can be
considered as an indicator of the framing to be conveyed (Eriyanto, 2011).
The researcher analyzed the elements
of the 5W+1H script in the magazine.tempo.co report regarding the Kanjuruhan
tragedy. Following are the results of the analysis:
1. What
element
This element is quite clear in the
news, namely the news about the Malang Kanjuruhan tragedy case, contained in
the news paragraph, namely: "The tear gas shot ended in disaster.
"As of Friday, October 7, the Malang District Health Service recorded that
the death toll from the Kanjuruhan tragedy reached 131 people, around 500
people suffered light to moderate injuries."
2. where
In this element, because it is a
disaster, the locus is also clearly at the Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang, as
stated in the news paragraph, namely "A total of 35 tickets in the
hands of Simon Zakaria were sold out a week before the football match between
Arema FC and Persebaya Surabaya was held at the Kanjuruhan Stadium, Poor"
3. when
This element is quite clear in the
news, namely October 1, 2022, contained in the news paragraph, namely: �With great joy, they came to the
stadium on Saturday afternoon, another 1 October. Simon, 38 years old, also
brought his wife. They watched from the East Stand.
4. Who
In this element, magazine.tempo.co in
reporting on football tragedies, researchers analyze that news writers have carried out
news framing, because in this element, apart from focusing on the who element
on the victims (supporters), the who element in the news also focuses on
sources more came
from elements of the government (both sources who were suspected of being guilty or
sources who corroborated the mistake) . So that It is clear that magazine.tempo.co builds
social criticism towards the parties involved, both
good and bad, in relation to the tragedy .
The emphasis on elements of the match committee
and the government (the police) as
who in the news shows
that there are provocative and
critical messages in the practice of journalism. .
5. why
In this element, magazine.tempo.co in
reporting on the football tragedy ,
researchers analyzed that to support the framing
related to who, the news writer has done a big framing on this why element, a
lot of information that should be important and may also have a big role in the
tragedy is not given a large portion, it was actually eliminated.
An example of a researcher's
analysis, for example, if from the start the big framing suspects that many
victims were caused by tear gas, the portion of the news about why the police
fired tear gas should have been enlarged or increased, as seen in the following
paragraph:
"Several
policemen fired tear gas at the fans
who were scattered on the pitch. They ran helter-skelter towards the stands. The tear gas shots ended in disaster. "As of last
Friday, October 7, the Malang District Health Service recorded that the death
toll from the Kanjuruhan tragedy reached 131 people, around 500 people suffered
light to moderate injuries."
�Most victims were found at Doors 9
to 14 in the South Stand. They were allegedly crushed to death while trying to get out of the stadium. Some doors are
locked. Meanwhile, other doors only opened less than a meter due to being
hampered by iron. Video footage of spectators trapped in closed doors is also
circulating on social media."
From the paragraph above, it is
clear that tear gas was fired and the number of closed doors resulted in many
deaths. News writers should have explored more deeply the motives of the police
for firing the gas and why many doors were closed because they were blocked by
iron so that people who read could has broad and deep information. In its
capacity as a major media entity, magazine.tempo.co should be able to produce
more consistent and accurate news, so that readers can achieve a clearer
understanding of the information conveyed in every news story they read.
6. How
In this element, magazine.tempo.co is
deep reporting
on the Kanjuruhan football tragedy , researchers analyzed that this element is too excessive, the researcher's analysis
of this how element can even make up half of the news itself, the news writer
wants to take the reader to see the chaotic conditions that occurred at the
Kanjuruhan stadium and emphasize that the conditions at that time were truly
very chaotic, worrying, tense and even full of sorrow reinforced by many
supporting news photos totaling 4, all of which support this condition. The
following news writer attached the photos:
�
Apart from that, in this how
element, researchers analyzed news writers who deliberately reproduced it to
minimize the why element so that readers did not focus on the why element and
were more invited to share their concern and mourn over the tragedy.
C.
Thematic
structure (sentences, propositions, relationships between sentences).
Magazine.tempo.co is thematically deep
reporting on the Kanjuruhan football tragedy, the researcher analyzed that this
element has 5 major themes that support the main theme. These major themes
include: 1. the number of victims of the tragedy 2. The chronology of the
tragedy 3. Social criticism of the Panpel and Police 4. Government
organizations flocking to investigate 5. Supporters as victims and not the
guilty party.
Researchers also found that the news
data amounted to 44 paragraphs of news, with details of 31 paragraphs of source
quotes and 13 paragraphs of statements of fact and opinion. According to the
researcher, this is an imbalance and has been explained in the syntactic
elements.
Then, regarding the elements of
relationships between sentences, in making news reports, magazine.tempo.co is
still not good, there are many paragraph placements that are like information
that stands alone and is not sequential in explaining the problem. The process
of moving between paragraphs does not have smooth coherence and some do not
even have coherence.
To clarify the above analysis, the researcher provides
detailed paragraphs:
Komnas HAM commissioner Mohammad
Choirul Anam assessed that the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy was getting out of
control because the commando ticked swimmers. He highlighted the presence of
the Malang police chief Adjunct Commissioner Ferli Hidayat when the riots broke
out. The former member of the National Police Chief's Personal Staff was not in
the field. Previously, he was in the VIP stands. After the match, he
accompanied the Persebaya players and officials out of the stadium using a
police armored tactical vehicle. "As a result, each field leader takes
their own discretion," said Anam.
In the paragraph above, at the
beginning it opens with a statement that the Arema manager argues that he
regrets the excessive actions of the officers and the fans who came out on the
field not to cause injury, the next paragraph, the Commissioner of Komnas HAM
argues about wrong command, according to the researcher's analysis this is not
related. Apart from that, there are still many things that are placed
incorrectly and come out repeatedly, such as the opinion of the Komnas
HAM Commissioner arguing that this wrong command was issued at the
beginning of the paragraph and then issued again in the middle of the
paragraph.
Another interesting analysis is the
dwarfing of the sources, as contained in the following paragraphs:
Chairman of the Arema FC-Persebaya
organizing committee. Abdul Haris, rejected the notion that ticket sales
exceeded the capacity of the audience seats. He claims that the Kanjuruhan
Stadium can accommodate 45 thousand people because it was not designed with a
single seat. All the spectator seats in the stands are flat, elongated concrete
benches. �It's still worth it,� he said.
The decision to appoint Haris as
chairman of the committee was also controversial. The PSSI Disciplinary
Commission punished Haris in 2010. He was deemed responsible for the chaos
between players in the Arema FC versus Persema Malang match.
Haris claimed that the sanctions
were annulled when he submitted an appeal. However, Haris' claim was denied by
the head of the Disciplinary Commission at the time, Hinca Panjaitan. "I
have never whitewashed the sanction decision for him," he said.
The process of stunting the resource
persons occurred in the sources who were also the main suspect in the tragedy,
namely Abdul Haris as the organizing committee. At the beginning of the
paragraph the news writer included the opinion of Abdul Haris as the main
suspect for covering both sides, but in the second paragraph he included data
about his suitability as chairman of the panel which was controversial because
he had actually been convicted. Then Abdul Haris was given the opportunity to
refute by assuming that he had filed an appeal, but the news writer hit back
with a rebuttal opinion that the disciplinary commission had never whitewashed
a witness.
From the placement of these facts,
it is very clear that the news writer cornered Abdul Haris, how could he
officiate the match if he had previously been sanctioned. It seems that the
news writer wanted to show readers that the figure of Abdul Haris was not
worthy to be chairman of the committee, so this tragedy occurred.
The last thing that researchers also
criticize is. The function of the media as a good educator is not given by
magazine.tempo.co, from the start of the news
according to the researchers there should have been 2 (who) who were also given
more portion in the news namely the supporters themselves and PSSI. The news
writer did not provide data on the relationship between the two who participated
in contributing to the tragedy. The frame of the news writer is only supporters
as victims and given statements of defense and PSSI as an organization that
will give sanctions with various statements.
News writers should also see that
these supporters must also be given education that their actions in entering
the field were wrong, even the results of the fact-finding team obtained
data that they carried out disgraceful actions, quoted from the news below:
NEWS WRITER'S VERSION: �Aremania FC
manager, Ali Fikri, regrets the excessive actions of the security forces.
According to him, the presence of supporters should be handled without
violence. Moreover, the supporters came onto the field not to hurt the Arema
players. They hugged a number of players, such as Sergio Silva and Johan
Alfarisi, as a form of support for the defeat to Persebaya. �I saw them
providing motivation with one heart and one soul. Keep up the enthusiasm,"
said Ali, imitating the words of a supporter who came to the players.
Five minutes later, a spectator from
the stands jumped over the fence and ran onto the green field. His behavior was
followed by another supporter. "They intended to encourage the players,
not cause chaos," said one of the spectators in the VIP stands who saw the
incident, Totok Prasetyo.
TGIPF VERSION: �In the conclusion
stated by the Joint Independent Fact-Finding Team (TGIPF) on the Kanjuruhan
Tragedy, there are three points regarding the supporters. The first is because
the fans broke the rules by going down and entering the playing field. TGIPF
recorded flares from the direction the fans were thrown into the field. The
second point is that fans are considered to have committed dishonorable actions
against security forces before the riots spread. Namely by uttering provocative
words. Then the fans were declared to have taken action against the officers
and even against the Arema team themselves." ( https://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/5097324/tgipf-juangan-3-error-suporter-dalam-tragedi-kanjuruhan
accessed October 18, 14.16)
The data and facts above are of
course very different from what the news writers say about the fans. If the
media does not provide learning, it is feared that readers will think that it
is normal for fans to enter the field so that it will become a habit and role
model for other supporters.
As for PSSI itself, from the start
the news writers actually positioned PSSI as an organization that has the right
to carry out investigations with all its supporting statements. It was even
reported that PSSI had punished the match committee. In contrast to the results
obtained by the fact-finding team, such as the data below
NEWS WRITER'S VERSION: The results
of the investigation by the PSSI Disciplinary Commission stated that this
suggestion could not be implemented because the match tickets had already been
sold out. To overcome this, the combined security personnel, which was
originally planned to number a thousand people, was increased to 2,034
personnel. "In the coordination meeting, it was finally agreed that the
number of security personnel would be increased," said member of the PSSI
investigation team, Ahmad Riyadh.
TGIPF VERSION: TGIPF conveyed to the
president that PSSI and the stakeholders of the Indonesian football league must
be held accountable for the Kanjuruhan Tragedy that occurred in the match
between Arema FC and Persebaya Surabaya on October 1 2022. Likewise, TGIPF called
on PSSI and all members of the Executive Committee ( Exco) to resign as an
ethical act as a result of the deaths of 132 victims. ( https://www.bola.net/indonesia/report-full-tgpif-tragedi-kanjuruhan-124-page-minta-iwan-bule-dan-exco-pssi-mundur-10145a.html
accessed October 18 at 14.38 )
According to the analysis of news
writers, this is like the analogy of "a thief shouts a thief", it
would be better for news writers to also position PSSI as a candidate for a
responsible party as well, as a criticism of PSSI to reform its organization
for the better. It can be concluded that in this thematic element, news
writers or journalists for
magazine.tempo.co seem to make a hypothesis. From the
events covered,
the sources followed and various actual statements in order to support the
journalist's hypothesis. The thematic elements used in the reporting are consistent with
what was explained by Eriyanto (2011) that these
thematic elements are more closely related to the way journalists place news in
writing. Starting from how sentences are used to placing and writing sources in
the text as a whole in detail and coherence.
D. Rhetorical Structure (Words, idioms,
pictures/photos, graphics)
According to Eriyanto (2011), the
rhetorical structure in news discourse reflects the choice of style or words
used by journalists to highlight certain meanings. Journalists use rhetorical
devices to build an image and emphasize certain sides, as well as strengthen
the image to be conveyed in a story.
The rhetorical structure of the news text also reveals the
tendency that what is stated is the truth. Some of the most significant
elements of rhetorical structure used by journalists are lexicon, selection,
use of special words, and use of pictures or graphics.
Rhetorically, mag.tempo.co is in reporting on the Kanjuruhan football tragedy, the researcher analyzed that in this element there is a lot of rhetoric given by
news writers to be included in the news. Researchers analyze in terms of images
or graphics first. Starting from the cover of magazine.tempo.co with the
following picture:
By looking at the magazine cover photo
above , the
researcher's analysis shows that magazine.tempo.co seems
to want to highlight the figure of the police
(with the image of their shoes and brown uniforms) playing a major role in the
tragedy. Not to mention that his big, jagged shoes and stepping on other shoes
shows that the stamping is rhetoric that the police have the power to control
the security of football matches and that something that is stepped on will
definitely hurt and make something scar (connected to the fact that the tear
gas fired causes a painful effect viewer). Furthermore, the words "WRONG
COMMAND" in large and bold letters add emphasis to the impression that
the police in this tragedy had made a mistake in their command, this was
created the news writer as reinforcement in the process of social criticism
given to the police. Another rhetoric 
used is the use of graphic images to support the news
with the following graphic images:
By looking
at the magazine cover photo
above,
the researcher's analysis of looking at
magazine.tempo.co seems to want to highlight that it wants to explain how the incident made many
victims by showing the points of death everywhere and inviting readers to share
in the grief by exploring the moments of the tragedy.
Next, regarding the choice of words
used in the report, there is a lot of rhetoric. It can be seen from several
news paragraphs below (rhetorical words are marked in bold):
1.
The headline of
the current research is � Deadly Shots of Expired Tear Gas�
2.
Most of the
police and Indonesian National Armed Forces personnel who were on the
southeastern side also pushed into the field. They dispersed the crowd using
batons.
3.
Finally Eko
managed to enter after the outflow of the stadium died down at all the doors.
His brother and sister survived. However, he was psychologically disturbed when
he saw several lifeless bodies, including children and women, around Gate 13. "It
was like a mass grave," he said.
According to the researcher's
analysis, the use of the word "death" is excessive, news writers
certainly want to emphasize that the shooting was very powerful, extraordinary,
great and even very deadly, resulting in many fatalities. Even if the word
death is removed from the title, its meaning can still be read.
Tempo's goal is to become a
reference in efforts to increase public freedom of thought and opinion and to
support the development of a society that values intelligence and diversity. In
addition, Tempo is also committed to producing multimedia products that are
independent and free from pressure, as well as being a fair platform for
different voices. It is clear that the reporting on the Kanjuruhan tragedy case
has made Tempo stick its ideology in accordance with the company's vision and
mission by constructing the reality of the news. The indicator is that while
other media are still busy looking for agenda setting and framing related to
the Kanjuruhan tragedy, the online tempo magazine has dared to make this case
the main column of the magazine with a critical cover and provocative reporting
that even tends to corner the image of the Police and the match committee.
This is in line with what was
expressed by Masrun, et al (2022) and Scheufele (1997) that media ideology is a
form of ideology that is formed through media structure, so that it can be
recognized through the media's vision and mission. This ideology is embodied or
produced by the media through framing analysis to build news construction. Based
on the framing classification according to Scheufele (1997), the resulting
media frame is the dependent variable, which means that the existing framing is
the result of the perspective of the media organizations and journalists who
involve them.
In addition, the researcher's
analysis that Tempo embedded ideology and carried out reality construction in
the process of reporting on probationary cases turned out to be in line with
the thoughts of Fadilah, et al (2022) who explained that Tempo media needed
this perspective to design news narratives with various constructions of
reality that give organizational identity to audience. The news presented by
Tempo is influenced by their media ideology which is in accordance with their
vision to become a reference in increasing people's freedom of expression and
building an archipelago that values intelligence and diversity. Tempo
effectively uses its media ideology to produce various facts and news topics in
its journalism practices (Fadilah, et al, 2022).
Apart from that, Tempo is known as
the media which always reports negative and critical things related to the
Police. The findings from Tayipnapis' research (2019) on Police Reporting in
Tempo Magazine stated that the police often blacken their image by the print
media, especially Tempo, by pointing out weaknesses in the police organization.
Meanwhile, according to Kartika (2014), negative perceptions of the image of
the police still exist because there are many satirical photos that damage the
reputation of the police, while photos that show the human side of the police
are still lacking.
Lastly, is an analysis related to
the reporting of probationary cases whether there is an element of social
criticism contained in the news? According to the researcher's analysis of the
results of the framing analysis that has been carried out, there are several
elements of framing where the direction of the news tends to corner the
political committee and the police, even giving a negative impression and of
course indirectly this will represent a social criticism of an organization or
community.
This is in line with the thoughts of
Akbar (1997), who informed that the press has a normative function in society,
one of which is as a means of social control by conveying social criticism.
Social criticism also means the press as a medium for conveying social aspirations,
namely the aspirations of society. Likewise, the mass media uses social
criticism as a strategy to make itself a tool for society to lighten social
burdens, releasing their anxieties, concerns, even anger. This social criticism
is carried out by the media by using framing in the news, to form a
construction of social reality.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that reporting on the tempo online
magazine related to the Kanjuruhan tragedy would not have been possible without
a construction process in its reporting. If we pay attention to the structure
of the media in general, the distribution of social media construction is
carried out using a one-way approach, in which the media acts as a transmitter
of information while the media audience has no other option but to receive the
information.
The news on the issue of the kanjuruhan tragedy certainly has
a major influence on reporting in the media magazine.tempo.co. They provide a
different perspective on reality that has been constructed in such a way as to
be given to audiences and readers.
If we observe carefully, news is a social construction. Making
news is the act of constructing reality itself. Even though audiences generally
focus more on the content of the message being conveyed, they often do not
realize that the media in which the message is delivered also has an influence
on their lives.
Apart from that, in the reporting on the Kanjuruhan case there
are elements of social criticism contained in the reporting, several elements
of framing, the direction of the reporting tends to corner the political
committee and the police and even gives a negative impression and of course
indirectly this will represent a social criticism of an organization or
community.
Each media carries out construction with framing for each
report. This influence is proof that the media constructs reality in reporting.
Of course, the media ideology factor is very deeply rooted here, in addition to
the determining factors of media content and the political economy of the media
influencing the content and also the messages that will be included in the news
structure.
The author expresses his gratitude to the Ministry of
Communication and Information of the Republic of Indonesia, especially BPP SDM
Kominfo who has provided financial support for this research so that it can be
successfully completed.
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