Analysis of the Impact of Electric Charging Infrastructure Provision Rules on the Calculation of Fast and Ultrafast Charging Service Costs at Time Base and Energy Base Charging Stations

Surcharge Fee


INTRODUCTION
Currently, the growth of motor vehicles nationally has increased every year. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2022, motor vehicles in Indonesia from 2013 to 2021 experienced an average growth of 4.1%. Data shows that in 2021 the number of motorized vehicles reached 143.8 million vehicles with details of 121.2 million two-wheeled vehicles and as many as 22.6 million four-wheeled vehicles (passenger cars, buses, and freight cars). The growth of motor vehicles nationally is closely related to the consumption of Fuel Oil (BBM). In 2022, the subsidized fuel quota in the State Budget is 23.1 million kL of petralite and 15.1 million kL of diesel. The subsidized fuel quota has exceeded the quota budgeted by the Government at the end of 2022, with the realization of petralite of 29.9 million kL and diesel of 17.8 million kL, so that the average use of petralite is around 2.5 million kL/month and diesel is around 1.5 million kL/month. Along with the times and paying attention to global issues and considering that the transportation sector has the largest portion of national fuel consumption, the transportation sector is the focus of the government's current priority to increase the use of environmentally sustainable energy, one of which is electric vehicles which will have an impact on increasing electricity needs. In addition, Indonesia in COP 21 Climate Change Conference Paris 2015 is committed globally to maintain temperature increases not exceeding 2 C, nationally reduce GHG emissions by 29% from BaU (own capabilities) or 41% (with international assistance) by 2030 according to NDC, and to the energy sector commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 314 -398 million tons of CO2 by 2030 and Net Zero Emissions in 2060 or sooner, through the development of renewable energy, the implementation of energy efficiency, and energy conservation, as well as the application of clean energy technology.
Technological developments in the transportation sector, one of which is Electric Motor Vehicles (KBL), are projected to increase electricity demand significantly progressively. The Government's seriousness in accelerating KBL is with the issuance of Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicle Program (KBLBB) for Road Transportation, the Government fully supports the observance of KBL in Indonesia. This

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https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/ IJSSR Page 1734 development must also be supported by adequate infrastructure in the form of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (SPKLU). The government as a regulator supports the development of the electricity business in accordance with the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) of PT PLN (Persero) for 2021-2030.
As a derivative of Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) through ESDM Minister Regulation Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Provision of Electric Charging Infrastructure for Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles, as the legal basis for the SPKLU and SPBKLU business, in this regulation regulated the provisions of the Electricity business, electricity tariffs, electricity standards and safety of SPKLU and SPBKLU.
In the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 1 of 2023, there are 3 (three) parts of the regulation of electricity tariffs at SPKLU, namely: a) Electricity tariffs from PLN to Business Entities (Upstream), are subject to bulk tariffs (20 kV Medium Voltage) of Rp. 714/kWh or charged with special service rates (Low Voltage) of Rp. 1,650/kWh with a coefficient of N = 1. b) Electricity tariff to consumers / customers of KBLBB (Downstream), charged to consumers from SPKLU Business Entities is a maximum of Rp. 2,467 / kWh, for slow, medium, fast, and ultrafast charging technology. c) Service fees for KBLBB fast and ultrafast charging consumers / customers (not yet further regulated the amount imposed in the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources) Therefore, this study focuses on provisions related to electricity tariffs on service costs for KBLBB fast and ultrafast charging consumers/customers, by calculating economically against investment and operational costs, as well as projections for the next 15 (fifteen) years on the development of electric vehicle volume and charging energy per electric vehicle (EV) with scenarios and simulations based on data collected. By getting a service fee for fast and ultrafast charging technology, it can also be seen that the concept of Energy Base or Time Base is the most appropriate to do in Indonesia.

METHODS
The data collection method is carried out to collect and retrieve the necessary data, including through primary data, secondary data, or other methods. Assumptions and parameters to obtain the results of the calculation of service costs and the calculation of energy base and time base are with data needs, including: a) Investment costs in the form of prices from the formation of charging stations such as unit charging costs, shelter construction costs, new installation costs, other administrative costs. b) Operational costs such as maintenance costs, land rental costs, telecommunication costs, electricity purchase costs. c) other data needed are the comparison of electric car batteries, warranty or operating life of a product due to the relationship between the warranty and the investment financing scheme for 15 years, and data on the realization of use or transactions at charging stations with the national average.
The data sources used in this study are based on primary and secondary data, with the following data details: Data analysis is the result of calculating service costs using high cost and low cost scenarios, as well as projections of energy volume and EV volume with pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic simulations. The results of the analysis provide input from assumptions and calculations that are affected by service costs in addition to also affecting the calculation of energy base and time base. Data analysis methods used to process data and analyze data are: Data Processing Methods SPKLU rates for fast and ultrafast charging technology are determined by the components of investment costs, operational costs, the number of electric vehicles and the amount of energy. The component is calculated using an IRR of 15% which assumes the loan interest rate reaches 12% and the income of the Business Entity (10%-15%) so as to get the Net Benefit value as the equation (2.2.) used in the theoretical basis.
With the large amount of data obtained in the study, the data for investment costs and operational costs are categorized into high cost and low cost, as well as calculation simulations for the number of EVs and energy in the form of pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic simulations.
A hypothesis testing tool that uses an excel program by entering data components obtained by calculating using equations. The hypothesis of this study is that with the additional investment and operations, the tariff should be on fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations will exceed the tariff set in the Ministerial Regulation or >Rp2,467 / kWh, so that the difference in the cost of the load is replaced with service costs in one charge. The following is the hypothesis testing process that will be carried out in this study to obtain service fees:

Figure 3 Service fee calculation process
With provisional data obtained from PT PLN (Persero) that currently using investment costs and operational costs to charge electric vehicles one charge requires Rp3,125 / kWh (16.9 kWh per transaction) for fast charging technology charging stations and Rp3,798 / kWh (18.6 kWh per transaction) for ultrafast charging charging stations. So that the temporary calculation service fee is as follows: (3.1) In accordance with the formula above, the amount of service fees obtained is as follows: a. SPKLU fast charging The result of the service fee is the calculation of the upper limit, therefore the result of each calculation of the time base or energy base at the charging station does not exceed what is calculated in the equation (3.1.). The calculation of time base or energy base at fast and ultrafast charging stations can be formulated with the following equation:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By doing a calculation analysis to get the value of the SPKLU tariff should be (Rp/kWh) for fast and ultrafast charging technology in each high cost and low cost scenario as well as pessimistic, moderate and optimistic simulations with a 15 year operating period. Furthermore, in order to be able to calculate service costs, the difference between the coefficients applied by Business Entities to consumers is required with the difference from the SPKLU tariff that should be the PT PLN (Persero) rate for Business Entities which has been regulated in the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 1 of 2023. The following is the calculation result from the calculation analysis to get the service fee in each scenario and the simulation that has been carried out: Table 1 Calculation of fast charging service fees

Calculation of Time Base
Service fees that have been obtained for each SPKLU of fast and ultrafast charging technology in each high cost and lowcost scenario as well as pessimistic, moderate and optimistic simulations become a recommendation for the upper limit in the application of Energy Base by Business Entities in the future. The time base recommendation referred to is the average use of time for each technology used (fast or ultrafast charging) with conversion in the form of units of Rp/time. So that the cost of time base services is the length of time each customer fills it as in equations (3.2) and (3.3.).
Using references to the Literature Review in table 2 and references to primary and secondary data results as table 4.3 below that level 3 charging (fast charging) requires a charging time of ± 30 minutes -1 hour and level 4 (ultrafast charging) requires a charging time of ± 15 minutes -30 minutes. Table 3 Calculation of ultrafast charging service fee Using equations (3.2.) and (3.3.) the result of the time base calculation is: Table 4 Fast charging time base service fee calculation Just like the calculation of the time base, the service costs that have been obtained at each fast and ultrafast charging technology charging station in each high cost and low cost scenario as well as pessimistic, moderate and optimistic simulations become an upper limit recommendation in the application of Energy Base by Business Entities later. The energy base recommendation in question is the average use of battery capacity with conversion in the form of per unit Rp/kWh. So the cost of energy base services is an energy base with purchases in each kWh by consumers as equations (3.4.) and (3.5.). Currently, there are no battery standards set by the Government of Indonesia for the minimum and maximum capacity installed in electric cars to be able to measure energy base usage. Another reference is to find the comparison value of electric car batteries with existing brands in Indonesia, with an average battery value of 50 kWh, along with the references obtained: Table 6 Brand and capacity of electric car batteries in Indonesia Using equations (3.4.) and (3.5.) the result of calculating the energy base is: Table 7 Fast charging energy base service fee calculation  In table 4.9 and table  4.10, sensitivity is obtained related to IRR with electric vehicle tariffs for fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations, that every change in IRR by 2% affects the amount of electric vehicle tariffs and also affects the mass of the pay back period. The following are the results of IRR sensitivity to electric vehicle tariffs:

Effects of IRR on Service Fees
Regarding service fees as costs that will be incurred by consumers later, it can be seen in table 11 and table 12 there are sensitivity results related to IRR with the service costs of each fast and ultrafast charging technology charging station, that every change in IRR by 2% affects the amount of service fee tariffs and also affects the mass pay back period. Here are the results of IRR sensitivity to service fees:

Comparison of Fuel Car Savings with Electric Vehicle
It is necessary to compare the cost of fuel cars with electric cars to find out the benefits that will be felt by the community later. Comparison using assumptions and consumption of fuel and electricity obtained from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The following assumptions and calculation results are used for potential savings in comparison of fuel cars with electric cars using low cost scenarios and moderate simulations of each fast and ultrafast charging station:

Sensitivity of Fuel Saving Cars with Electric Vehicles to IRR
In order for the calculation value to get one point of equal IRR on the sensitivity of electric vehicle tariffs and service costs with fuel savings for fuel cars with electric car comparisons, sensitivity is needed. The following is the sensitivity of savings from each scenario and simulation carried out on saving fuel cars with electric vehicles:   Table 18 Sensitivity savings with IRR low cost simulation scenarios are moderate Table 19 Sensitivity savings with IRR low cost simulation scenario optimistic

Policy Support Accelerates EV Ecosystem
The need for support from the Government in the form of policies, one of which can be in the form of incentives such as: a) NIDI and SLO costs that can be borne by the Government of Rp1,000,000 to Rp2,000,000 can save investment costs of 0.4% to 1%. b) The connection fee is borne by the government by 50% of IDR 15 million to IDR 51 million so that it can reduce investment costs by 5% to 24% in 2023 and in 2024. c) With the digitization of payments by PLN, there is no need for UJL. d) Changes in the design of SPKLU, the total investment cost will be much reduced with SPKLU without using shelter can save Rp71 million to Rp200 million. So that it has the potential to reduce investment costs by 30% which has an impact on the cost of fast and ultrafast charging charging station services. Gas station operating hours data as a basis for calculating the number of electric vehicles charging at charging stations. In attracting investment from gas stations to support the development of charging stations and improve the electric vehicle ecosystem in Indonesia, this study collects supporting data from 6 largest gas stations in Jakarta, namely MT Haryono, Lenteng Agung, Yos Sudarso, Kalimalang, Bintaro, and Daan Mogot related to operating time as a comparison with the weighted average of 6 gas stations that the average operating hours of gas stations of 9.0 hours / day are equivalent to the number of electric vehicles as many as 18 units that do Charging 30 minutes each. Of course, this assumption using 10 liters takes 50 seconds (according to the specifications of the equipment at the gas station), considering the opening and closing time of the number until payment, and the weighted average is calculated from the average time of the total simultaneous transaction of one day (h) with the filling time (i) in units of hours as table 20 below:

Service Cost Calculation Recommendations
The service cost for fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations that are right now is carried out with low cost scenarios and moderate simulations. The recommendation is based on looking at the realization of the volume of electric vehicles and energy used today and also against the references to McKinsey and ENTREV studies, while the current investment and operational costs are needed the lowest to achieve the development of fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations and electric vehicle ecosystems with an IRR of 15% and PBP of 7 years. Here are the recommended service fees: Table 21 Fast and ultrafast charging service fee calculation As for other alternative recommendations given, the Government can take into account the staging scheme in a given year to maintain an IRR of 15% but the Pay Back Period can be faster than < 7 years.

Recommendations for the Right Service Fee Scheme in Indonesia
The calculation of time base as an appropriate recommendation is carried out in Indonesia, this is because the time scale is 60 minutes (fixed) and which is easier for people to calculate when compared to the energy base which needs further study of the determination of battery capacity based on the existence of variations of cars that already exist in Indonesia. As for further application, it will be regulated by the Business Entity, but the service fee with a time base does not exceed the service fee for fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations that have been determined by the Government. Calculation of service costs with time base as follows: Table 22 Fast charging time base service fee calculation

Recommendations for Further Research
There is a more in-depth calculation of service costs using regional factorization. This research can use schemes based on area, which can be urban, suburban, and remote areas. So that it can see the density of population and the size of the area in using charging stations and electric vehicles. Of course, in urban areas with densely populated areas and with minimal land to get and build SPKLU is more difficult, so SPKLU rates and service fees are more expensive compared to suburban and remote areas. As for Indonesia, there is already Presidential Regulation Number 112 of 2022 concerning the Acceleration of Renewable Energy Development for Electricity Supply which regulates the number of location factors in Indonesia.  1. Investment costs, operational costs, projected electric vehicle volume and energy volume greatly affect electric vehicle tariffs and service costs. In the investment and operational cost data collected, there are many price variations, so investment costs and operational costs are needed in high cost and low cost scenarios. Meanwhile, the projection of electric vehicle volume and energy volume uses a 15-year projection with pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic simulation divisions. The results of the calculation of service costs are obtained with each scenario and simulation carried out.
2 . Projections of the volume of charging energy (kWh / unit / day) and EV volume (unit / day) at fast and ultrafast charging stations, projected based on data on the realization of PT PLN (Persero) SPKLU for the last 3 years (2020-2022) obtained an average of 18 kWh / unit / day and 9 units per day. In line with the reference McKinsey study growth in Southeast Asia on average 9 units / day is assumed as the base number, the increase in the number of vehicles uses a growth of 45%, while for kWh consumption per unit is assumed the average charging capability per vehicle. So that projection simulations using forcesting in excel software are obtained on average for 15 years as follows: a. Pessimistic simulation, energy volume 19 kWh/unit/day and EV volume 13 units/day b. Moderate simulation, energy volume 21 kWh/unit/day and EV volume 15 units/day c.Optimistic simulation, energy volume 23 kWh/unit/day and EV volume 17 units/day 3.Based on data processing and data analysis, the following are the results of the calculation of investment costs, operational costs and service costs for each highcost and low cost scenario, as well as pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic simulations that have been carried out: a. Fast Charging b. Ultrafast Charging The service cost for fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations that are right now is carried out with low cost scenarios and moderate simulations. The recommendation is based on looking at the realization of the volume of electric vehicles and energy used today, as well as on references to McKinsey and ENTREV studies, while the current investment and operational costs are needed the lowest to achieve the development of fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations and electric vehicle ecosystems with an IRR of 15% and PBP of 7 years. The calculation of time base as an appropriate recommendation is carried out in Indonesia, this is because the time scale is 60 minutes (fixed) and which is easier for people to calculate when compared to the energy base which needs further study of the determination of battery capacity based on the existence of variations of cars that already exist in Indonesia. As for further application, it will be regulated by the Business Entity, but the service fee with a time base does not exceed the service fee for fast and ultrafast charging technology charging stations that have been determined by the Government.