INTRODUCTION

The SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19 virus first appeared in a market in Wuhan, China. The cause of the emergence of this virus is still a question mark for everyone, because it is still not clear what causes the emergence of this virus. The virus then spread quickly to several countries. Even now Covid-19 is no longer a national problem but an international problem. All countries are struggling to overcome the Covid-19 outbreak, one of which is our own country, namely Indonesia. All countries are competing to issue policies to fight Covid-19. In Indonesia itself, the situation is very concerning, the number of COVID-19 has increased in the June-July period.

Indonesia is one of the countries that contributes the most positive number cases. According to Kontan ID, in the period 28 June-4 July, Indonesia was ranked 4th as a country with high cases, with 168,780 new cases, Indonesia experienced a 35% increase. For the first place with the highest cases, namely Brazil with 364,709 new cases, down 30%, then India with 312,250 new cases, down 11%, Colombia with 204,556 new cases, and finally England with 161,805 new cases, up 67%.

The Indonesian government describes this coronavirus as a non-natural disaster Covid19. Every aspect of life is disrupted because of the emergence of this virus. Various sectors such as the economic sector, tourism, and others experienced a significant decline in terms of income and other things. In this case, the government is actively formulating strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. This is done taking into account the fact that the positive number of Covid is starting to show an upward curve. Of course, considering that Indonesia is geographically directly adjacent to countries affected by the spread of Covid-19, the government does not want this graph to increase further. The government does not want this increasingly worrisome condition to continue for a long time. In order to suppress the positive number of Covid-19, the government made several policies. Public policy is always related to the rules made by the government with the aim of solving a problem that exists in society and must be implemented by a state (Rusli, 2013). According to (Mufida, Timur, & Waluyo, 2020) the policies implemented by president Joko Widodo in dealing with Covid-19 are� The policy is including on March 31, 2020 President Joko Widodo issued a statement that PSBB (Social and Large-Scale Restrictions) was the policy chosen to respond to a health emergency. To support this policy, the government closes schools, workplaces, restricts religious activities, restricts public activities, limits socio-cultural activities, limits transportation modes, and limits special activities related to aspects of defense and security. On June 4-10 September 2020 the Transitional PSBB policy will be implemented (Hardi & Akbar, 2021). This policy is a transitional period from a period of restriction back to community social activities marked by an easing of normal activities. Then on September 14 to October 11, 2020, the PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) policy was strictly enforced as before normal life returned. From January 26, 2021 to February 8, 2021, the government has announced the Imposition of Restrictions on Community Activities in most areas of Java and Bali simultaneously (Larasati, Faris, & Panuntun, n.d.). In addition, from February 9, 2021 to June 28, 2021, the government has implemented the Implementation of Micro-scale Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), where this policy covers up to the smallest unit level, namely the Rt/Rw level in the city/district and village village by involving the RT/RW head. , head of village/lurah, Babinsa, Babinkamtibmas, Satpol PP, PKK Team, Posyandu, and Dasawisma. This policy is to create command posts or Covid-19 handling posts at each level of the smallest unit. However, the positive number of Covid-19 cases did not decrease, finally the government implemented an Emergency PPKM policy which aims to reduce the number of Covid-19 cases in hospitals so as not to paralyze hospitals due to excess capacity by Covid-19 patients (Yahdini & Rusnanda, n.d.). Various policies to reduce the number of positive cases of Covid-19 have been implemented until the last one issued by the government, namely the PPKM Level 1-4 policy.

Until now, PPKM policy levels 1-4 are the culmination of every policy that has been implemented by the previous government. The implementation of PPKM levels 1-4 is applied in accordance with the conditions of each region. The PPKM Level 1-4 policy was established on a legal basis from the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs (Inmendagri) Number 30 of 2021 (YORDAN, 2021). This policy was implemented in several regions of Indonesia. Thus, this study aims to find out how the implementation of PPKM level 1-4 policies in Indonesia.

METHOD

The type of research technique we use in analyzing PPKM level 1-4 policies in Indonesia is descriptive qualitative research. This study uses data sources that come from scientific journals, book literature, official websites which are then described through descriptive analysis. After getting the data through library research, we used data analysis techniques, then compiled, analyzed, and presented it to get a systematic picture of the implementation of PPKM level 1-4 policies in Indonesia in preventing the spread of the covid-19 virus in the community. The data structure that has been completed is then further developed to obtain research results and conclude the problems studied.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The PPKM policy level 1-4 is one of the policies implemented by the government in dealing with the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia (Pujaningsih, 2020). PPKM policy levels 1-4 become the culmination of every policy that has been implemented by the previous government. The implementation of PPKM levels 1-4 is applied in accordance with the conditions of each region. The implementation of the leveled PPKM policy is based on the Minister of Home Affairs Number 24 of 2021 concerning PPKM Level 4 and Level 3 Covid-19 in the Java and Bali Regions; Minister of Home Affairs Number 25 of 2021 concerning PPKM Level 4 Covid-19 in the Regions of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua; and Minister of Home Affairs Number 26 of 2021 concerning PPKM Level 3, Level 2 and Level 1, as well as Optimizing the Covid-19 Handling Post at the Village and Sub-District Levels to Control the Spread of Covid-19.� The PPKM level 1-4 policy is a policy that was implemented because the policies previously considered unsuccessful in handling the Covid-19 case, which continued to show an upward curve in Indonesia.

The term level 1-4 used in PPKM is a regional level determination guided by the Indicators of Adjustment of Public Health Efforts and Social Restrictions in Overcoming the COVID-19 Pandemic determined by the Minister of Health based on WHO guidelines. There are several factors that serve as a reference in determining the level of PPKM in an area. reference factors such as the number of confirmed cases, hospitalization, and death. in Leveling also consider testing, tracing, and hospital bed occupancy rate (BOR).

The following is the difference between PPKM levels 1-4, managed to summarize from various sources, Tuesday (27/07/2021).

PPKM level 1

Areas with situations where transmission does not occur, Or if cases already exist, the epidemic can still be controlled through effective actions around cases or clusters of cases, a level 1 PPKM policy is enforced with limitations in the application of transmission efforts. Based on the indicator of the rate of transmission with the criteria of confirmed cases of less than 20 per 100,000 population per week, hospitalization 5 per 100,000 population per week, and death of 1 per 100,000 population per week, then PPKM level 1 is determined in areas with these criteria.

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PPKM level 2

Regions that represent situations with low community incidence apply PPKM level 2 policies. PPKM Level 2 is determined based on the transmission rate indicator with criteria for confirmation cases of 20 to 50 per 100,000 population per week, hospitalization 10-30 per 100,000 population per week, and 1-2 deaths per 100,000 population per week. At this level, the response capacity indicator is on the criteria of a testing positivity rate of less than 5%, close contact tracing per confirmed case of more than 14, and BOR treatment of less than 60%.

PPKM level 3

Areas with community transmission situations with limited response capacity and there is a risk of inadequate health services, PPKM level 3 is applied. PPKM Level 3 is determined based on the transmission rate indicator with confirmation cases criteria of 50-150 per 100,000 population per week, hospital care is more than 30 per 100,000 population per week, and 2-5 deaths per 100,000 population per week. Meanwhile, the response capacity indicator for testing the positivity rate is 5-15%, close contact tracing per confirmation case is 5-14, and BOR treatment is 60-80%.

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PPKM level 4

Areas where transmission is not controlled with insufficient response capacity, PPKM level 4 is applied. PPKM Level 4 is the implementation of activity restrictions in Java and Bali and is adjusted to the criteria for the level of the pandemic situation based on the results of the assessment or assessment. This level is determined based on the transmission rate indicator with the criteria of confirmed cases of more than 150 per 100,000 population per week, hospitalization of more than 30 per 100,000 population per week, and deaths of more than 5 per 100,000 population per week. At this level, the response capacity indicator is in the criteria of a testing positivity rate of more than > 15%, close contact tracing per confirmation case of less than 5, and 80% BOR treatment.

The existence of a leveled PPKM policy implemented by the government certainly has positive and negative impacts. The positive impact is:

1. Reducing the BOR rate in several hospitals in Indonesia. The PPKM policy has a positive impact in reducing the occupancy of beds for COVID-19 patients or the Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) in several hospitals in Indonesia. According to the (Kemkes 2021) on Sunday, August 15, 2021, the hospital bed occupancy rate (BOR) is still in the range of 42%, on Saturday, August 21, 2021, it has dropped to 35%.

2. Reduce community mobility. The COVID-19 virus often infects the community due to crowds and mobility. This is a major factor in the increase in positive cases of COVID-19 in several regions of Indonesia during the 2021 Eid holiday which has a long impact to date. The existence of a multi-level PPKM has succeeded in emphasizing the number of community mobility during Eid al-Adha 2021 in a number of regions in Indonesia. Eid al-Adha during Emergency PPKM did not make a significant spike in cases.

3. Reducing red zones in several areas in Indonesia. PPKM levels also have a good impact on handling COVID-19 in several provinces. many areas that previously entered the red zone, are now in the orange zone status. One of them is in the province of West Java which also feels the positive impact of the leveled PPKM policy. In West Java alone there are 12 districts and cities that are red zoned. All of them were asked to apply PPKM level 4, while there are 15 areas in the orange zone in West Java and it is recommended to apply PPKM level 3. This has decreased since the implementation of PPKM leveled because before the PPKM level red zone in West Java there were 16 regions, and orange zone 11 regions.

The negative impacts of implementing the tiered PPKM policy are:

1. Massive layoffs in several companies. Impact of PPKM Level 4, there are as many as 48% of workers in Java-Bali are threatened with layoffs. The occurrence of massive layoffs, the results of the data obtained are ≤ 1.5 million workers were laid off and laid off where 90% of workers in lay off and workers who are laid off by 10% (Pratiwi, 2021). The government will provide wage subsidy assistance to workers in the Level 4 PPKM category to ease the burden and encourage purchasing power. The Ministry of Manpower (Kemnaker) estimates that as many as 48% of workers in critical, essential and non-essential sectors are threatened with termination of employment (PHK) and being laid off due to the implementation of Level 4 community activity restrictions (PPKM). In Java and Bali, of the total workers in the critical, essential and non-essential sectors, there are 24.66% of workers who have the potential to be laid off and 23.72% are laid off. The number of workers who have the potential to lose their income will greatly affect the level of consumption and purchasing power of the people, especially for workers who are included in the category of low-income workers and daily workers.

2. Declining people's purchasing power. The implementation of the PPKM policy has an impact on the decline in people's purchasing power. This is because many people have lost their jobs so their incomes have decreased. as well as in meeting daily needs. In the past, the community could meet primary, secondary and even tertiary needs. but now that people's incomes have dropped drastically, they only prioritize their primary needs.

3. Endangering business actors such as MSMEs. Due to the declining purchasing power of the people, business actors also feel the negative impact of the leveled PPKM policy. This is due to the declining purchasing power of the people. The decline in people's purchasing power has an impact on the profits or income earned by business actors. The current profits and incomes obtained by business actors are far and disproportionate to before the tiered PPKM policy was implemented. According to Kemenkopi UMKM in (Thaha, 2020) there are about 37,000 MSMEs who report that they are very seriously affected by this pandemic, marked by around 56 percent reporting a decline in sales, 22 percent reporting problems in the financing aspect, 15 percent reporting problems with distribution of goods, and 4 percent reporting difficulties in getting raw materials.

4. The downturn of the tourism industry. This leveled PPKM has an impact on several tourism places in Indonesia. One of the policies issued by the government is to temporarily close tourism sites which have triggered the spread of COVID-19 cases. The closure of tourist attractions causes losses in the tourism sector due to the absence of income from visiting tourists. According to (Anggarini, 2021) the number of foreign tourists visiting Indonesia in early 2020 has decreased.� In January 2020, recorded foreign tourist visits reached 1.27 million visits.� This figure decreased by 7.62 percent when compared to the number of foreign tourist arrivals in December 2019 of 1.37 million.

With the implementation of PPKM levels 1-4, of course, it will provide various positive and negative impacts as mentioned above. Though it has a negative impact, this policy must still be carried out because Even It is effective in suppressing the spike in Covid-19 cases, which rose sharply from June to July. The effectiveness of PPKM in controlling Covid is certainly the key for all Indonesian people to be able to restore the country's economy. The sooner COVID-19 is controlled, the faster the economy will recover.

Until now, PPKM level 1-4 policies have proven to be effective in dealing with Covid-19 cases, which had spiked sharply in June to July 2021. The following is evidence of a decline in Covid cases in Indonesia since the implementation of the PPKM level 1-4 policy:

The existence of the PPKM level 1-4 policies can be said to be the achievement of the government's goals in creating order and public order. This is in accordance with the concept of policy, namely the policy is made with the aim of solving a public problem with the aim of achieving public welfare through regulations made by the government. So the government must swiftly pay attention to the safety of its people with the implementation of the PPKM policy level 1-4. This activity aims to protect the community. Besides that, it also aims to reduce the transmission rate of Covid-19 in Indonesia. With the enactment of the PPKM level 1-4 policy, of course, we are able to slowly reduce the number of transmissions until Indonesia is declared a clean zone free of the coronavirus. policies are formulated on the basis of rationality and full of considerations so as not to cause new polemics/problems. Every policy made by the government contains rules/prohibitions that are able to create order and security for the community.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion obtained from this research is that the implementation of the leveled PPKM policy in overcoming the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia has been going well. Judging from the series of supervisions in PPKM activities level 1-4 starting from road closures in several areas, supervision of the use of masks, prohibition of people from gathering for no apparent reason, supervision of full-fledged public transport and goods vehicle activities, supervision of crowds of people in places to eat, restaurants, cafes, depots, street vendors in food or beverage businesses, and malls that are only allowed to open until 9 pm. The involvement of village administrators is very helpful for government programs in tackling Covid-19, because village administrators better understand the situation and conditions of the people in their environment. Other agencies involved such as the TNI/Polri are very helpful for the creation of security and order during PPKM level 1-4 activities. This policy aims to suppress the positive number of Covid 19 in Indonesia so that it does not get worse, through various series of supervisions carried out ranging from small things to monitoring activities in large numbers. PPKM level 1-4 policies require support and awareness from the community to obey, obey and be disciplined in order to make government programs successful.

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