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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE AND
RESEARCH
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Wily Mohammad, Nabilla Ryca Maulidiyah
Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java,
Indonesia
SMA Nahdlatul Ulama 1, Gresik, East Java,
Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Halal certification is the one of the most important criteria for
Muslims in buying food and beverage. The purpose of this research is to find
out the numbers of halal certification among the micro and small industries of
the food and beverage sector in East Jakarta City, Bekasi City, and Gresik
Regency in running their business. The benefit of this research is that there
is certainty and safety for Muslims with halal certification in these three
cities in Indonesia, and as the recommendations for the government, academics,
and halal activist. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative. The
population in this research is the total of micro and small industries in these
three cities. Determination of the sample in this research using the Taro
Yamane sampling technique, with a significance level of 95%. From the results
of these calculations, 395 industries are selected for the research samples.
The results of this research are from 395 samples of micro and small industries
of the food and beverage sector in East Jakarta City, Bekasi City, and Gresik
Regency, 339 (86,8%) are not halal certified. Based on the interview with some
samples, there is a lack of understanding, information, and trust in halal
certification. It is recommended to academics, government, and halal activists
to provide socializations for information and teaching for these industries
about halal certification.
Keywords: Halal Certification, Micro and Small
Industries, Food and Beverage Sector
Received 1
August 2021, Revised 20 August 2021, Accepted 29 August 2021
INTRODUCTION
Linguistically, Islam means obedience, safety,
prosperity, peace, and submission to Allah. In terms, Islam is a religion that
was revealed by Allah to the Prophet Muhammad SAW to be a guide for human life,
the contents of which not only regulate the relationship between humans and
Allah, but also regulate the relationship between humans and other humans (Jamal, 2011).
Followers of the religion of Islam are referred
to as Muslims. Muslims are people who are obedient to Allah and ready to obey
His rules and teachings. In Islam, Muslims have rules governing their
relationship with Allah called ibadah, and rules governing their relationship
with humans called muamalah. This muamalah
is included in activities such as mutual help, honesty, respect for others,
marriage, inheritance, debts, buying and selling, and so on. Muamalah aims so that humans can live justly, peacefully,
and lovingly with one another (Munib,
2018).
One of the muamalah
activities carried out by Muslims is buying and selling. Buying and selling
(al-bai') in Islam is an activity of exchanging something for something else
(or with money), by releasing the property rights of one person to another, on
the basis of mutual agreement or mutual consent, in accordance with Islamic
rules (Shobirin,
2016). Basically, Allah does not prohibit all forms of buying and selling as
long as it does not harm one of the parties, does not violate the rules set out
in Islam, and is advised to maintain ukhuwah or
brotherhood among human beings (Sarwat
& MA, 2018).
One of the main principles in muamalah
is maintaining the values of justice. Islam provides humans with justice in
property ownership and provides guidelines for owning other people's property
in a way that has been regulated in Islamic rules. The application of the
principle of justice in economic activities such as buying and selling is in
the form of rules prohibiting elements of usury, tyranny, maysir,
gharar, and objects of unlawful transactions (Madjid,
2018). This is so that the welfare of society can occur equally.
One of the most important criteria for Muslims in
buying food and beverage is that they must be met the halal criteria. Halal is
a principal rule in Islam that is used to state that something is permitted or
prohibited to be consumed by a Muslim in accordance with what is written in the
Qur'an, hadith, or ijtihad of the scholars. The halalness
of a food product does not only depend on the halalness
of the main ingredients used to make the product but also pays attention to
other mixed ingredients that exist from the beginning of production to the
hands of consumers. Therefore, it is important for food and beverage business
actors to provide clarity on the halal status of a product they sell (Salehudin,
2010). In guaranteeing and providing certainty of the halalness
of a product, a comprehensive inspection process is required by a trusted
institution known as Halal Certification.
Halal certification is a process to obtain a
halal certificate through several stages of inspection to prove that the
ingredients, production process, and halal assurance system meet the standards
of the Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Research Institute of Indonesian Ulema Council
(LPPOM MUI). The purpose of halal certification is to provide certainty of the
halal status of a product as a form of fulfilling consumer rights. Consumer
confidence in the halalness of a product will affect
the number of consumer purchases of the product. In the past, the application
for halal certification by producers was voluntary. However, after the
enactment of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2014 concerning
Halal Product Guarantee, the application for halal certification by producers
is mandatory. The provisions regarding the mandatory halal certification for
all products are contained in article 4 which states that: "Products that
enter, circulate, and are traded in the territory of Indonesia must be
certified halal". Still referring to the law above, the implementation of
the obligation for halal certification for all products in Indonesia will take
effect in the next 5 years since the law was enacted. This means that 2019 is
the year of implementation of the law so that all products, including food
products, must be halal certified (Abdullah,
2018).
Halal certification is useful for eliminating
consumer doubts about the halalness of the food
product. On the other hand, producers find it difficult to dismiss the issue
considering that producers do not have proof of halal certification issued by
the MUI. However, in practice in Indonesia, even though Indonesia is a country
that has majority of Muslim, the understanding of the Indonesian people towards
the importance of halal food and halal certification is still relatively low.
One of the problems lies in the perception that people think that because
Muslims are the majority, so that all products traded by Muslims are halal
without further confirming. So that, producers consider that there is no need
for halal certification to attract public trust (Anggriawan,
2020).
According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, an
industrial business is a business unit that carries out economic activities,
aims to produce goods or services, is located in a certain building or location,
and has its own administrative record regarding production and cost structure
and there are one or more persons who are responsible for the business. Micro
Industry is an industrial company whose workforce is between 1-4 people, while
Small Industry has a workforce of 5-19 people. Micro and Small Industries of
the Food and Beverage sector can be categorized in the Indonesian Standard
Classification of Business Fields with codes 10 and 11 (Statistik,
2015).
East Jakarta City, Bekasi City, and Gresik
Regency have an area of 182.7 km�, 210.5 km�, and 1,194 km�, respectively. With
this area, according to data from the Central Statistics Agency, each region
has a proportion of Muslims who make up the majority, namely 2.8 million people
(88.62%), 2.1 million people (86.99%), and 1 million people. ,3 million people
(98.53%). Seeing these data, means that it is very important that the halal
certification in the micro and small industries of the food and beverage sector
in the three cities should be done, so that it will provide security and
comfort for Muslims in particular and all citizens in general.
This research is very
important because food and beverage are basic needs that are very important for
humans and halal is important in Islam. The formulation of the problem in this
research is how far is Halal Certification in the micro and small industries of
the food and beverage sector in these three cities. The purpose of this
research is to find out the numbers of halal certification among the micro and
small industries of the food and beverage sector in East Jakarta City, Bekasi
City, and Gresik Regency in running their business. The benefit of this
research is that there is certainty and safety for Muslims with halal
certification in these three cities in Indonesia, and as the recommendations
for the government, academics, and halal activist to socialize the halal
certifications to industries in their city.
METHOD
The type of this research is descriptive quantitative,
which aims to obtain information about the phenomena studied using data in the
form of numbers to be able to describe and explain the impact of these
phenomena. In addition, in order to find solutions to problems (Ferdinand, 2014). Related to this research, the descriptive
method will describe descriptive statistical analysis, frequency distribution,
average statistics, and comparative analysis results.
The population can be defined as a collection of
subjects, variables, phenomena, or concepts. The sample is part of the
population that can represent all representatives of members of the population
(Hasbullah & Sajiman, 2020).
The population in this research is the total of micro and
small industries in East Jakarta City, Bekasi City, and Gresik Regency
according to the Central Statistics Agency, which is 31.318 businesses.
Determination of the sample in this research using the Taro Yamane sampling
technique, with a significance level of 95%. From the results of these
calculations, it is found that the number of samples in this research is 395
industries.
The sampling technique uses Cluster Random Sampling,
which is sampling based on a certain area. The use of this sampling technique
is to divide geographically different groups, in order to save more costs and
energy in meeting respondents who are the subject or object of research
(Yani,
n.d.). The areas where samples were taken in this research
include the City of East Jakarta as many as 132 industries, Bekasi City as many
as 131 industries, and Gresik Regency as many as 132 industries.
Types and sources of data in this research are primary
data sourced directly from the first party, obtained through observation and
interviews. Observations were made to determine whether the micro and small
food and beverage industry have Halal Certification or not. In addition,
interviews were used with random respondents as additional findings to find out
why they did not provide Halal Certification to their businesses.
The data analysis technique is used in the form of
validity test on condition that the Pearson Correlations value is greater than
R-table (N=400, 0.098), reliability test on condition that Cronbach's Alpha
value is greater than R-table (N=400, 0.098), frequency distribution, and
descriptive statistical analysis to determine the average (mean), range
statistics, standard deviation, and variance statistic using the SPSS
application. Then it can be determined how many industries have Halal
Certification in the area. In addition, the results of the interviews will be
described as additional findings.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
The results of the validity test using SPSS showed
that all the observations that were transformed into numbers showed a Pearson
Correlation value of 0.142. While the reliability test shows the Cronbach's
Alpha value of 0.186. Both values are greater than the R-table, which is 0.098.
This means that all data used in this research are valid and reliable.
The analysis of the frequency distribution using
SPSS shows the results shown in the following table:
Table 1
Frequency Distribution Table
|
Category
|
Sub-Category
|
Area
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Halal Certification
|
Halal Certified
|
East Jakarta City
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24
|
6,075%
|
|
|
|
Bekasi City
|
24
|
6,075%
|
|
|
|
Gresik Regency
|
8
|
2,05%
|
|
|
Not Halal Certified
|
East Jakarta City
|
108
|
27,34%
|
|
|
|
Bekasi City
|
107
|
27,07%
|
|
|
|
Gresik Regency
|
124
|
31,39%
|
|
Total
|
|
|
395
|
100%
|
|
Area
|
East Jakarta City
|
|
132
|
33,4%
|
|
|
Bekasi City
|
|
131
|
33,2%
|
|
|
Gresik Regency
|
|
132
|
33,4%
|
|
Total
|
|
|
395
|
100%
|
Based on the results in the table above, from the
395 samples, 56 samples are Halal Certified (14.2%), while 339 samples are Not
Halal Certified (85.8%). Then, the number of samples whose data were obtained
in East Jakarta City are 132 samples (33.4%), from Bekasi City are 131 samples
(33.2%), and from Gresik Regency are 132 samples (33.4%).
In East Jakarta City, only 24 samples are Halal
Certified (18,04%) and 108 samples are Not Halal Certified (81,96%). In Bekasi
City, only 24 samples are Halal Certified (18,18%) and 108 samples are Not
Halal Certified (81,82%). In the Gresik Regency, only 8 samples are Halal
Certified (6.01%) and 124 samples are Not Halal Certified (93,99%).
The descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS
shows the results shown in the following table:
Table 2
Descriptive Statistical
Analysis Table
|
Category
|
Halal Certification
|
Area
|
|
N Statistic
|
395
|
395
|
|
Range Statistic
|
1,00
|
2,00
|
|
Average (Mean)
|
1,86
|
2,00
|
|
Standard Deviation
|
0,349
|
0,818
|
|
Variance Statistic
|
0,122
|
0,670
|
Based on the results in the table above, N statistic
shows 395 both in Halal Certification and Area, so all of the sample of this
research are 395 samples. The range statistics of the data are 1,00 and 2,00.
The average (mean) of the data are 1,86 and 2,00. The
standard deviation of the data are 0,349 and 0,818.
The variance statistic of the data are 0,122 and
0,670.
Based on the data above, it can be seen that only
very few micro and small industries of the food and beverage sector in the
three cities where this research is conducted are halal certified. Only 56
samples are halal certified, the remaining 339 are not. This is very
unfortunate, especially since these three cities are cities that have a Muslim
majority population. Moreover, micro and small industries of the food and
beverage sector are important in the basic needs of Muslims.
In interviews taken from several samples to be used
as additional findings, we found several reasons why they have not been halal
certified, which are as follows:
1.�� Some of
the industries think that the halal certification doesn�t matter to their
business, because they do not feel confident that halal certification can
affect buyer interest in their food products.
2.�� Some of
the industries think that if they serve food and beverage with halal main
ingredients, it considered as halal product.
3.�� Some of
the industries think that to be halal certified, they must pay some money and
wait for a long time, while they only have not much money as capital and a
little time.
4.�� Some of
the industries think that already used to not being halal certified, the
important thing is that the dishes they serve are delicious and satisfy
consumers.
5.�� Some of
the industries don�t know how to register their product to be halal certified.
It can be found that the things above are the result
of a lack of understanding, information, and trust in halal certification. In
fact, halal certification is important for Muslims. Not looking at the profit,
but halal is about the safety and quality of ingredients, places, cooking
utensils, and many more. Also the blessing from Allah
will be given to the industry who believes in the importance of halal
certification.
CONCLUSION
The conclusions in this research
are as follows: 1) From 395 samples of micro and small indutries
of the food and beverage sector in East Jakarta City, Bekasi City, and Gresik
Regency, 339 samples (86,8%) are not halal certified. It is recommended to
these industries carry out halal certification in order to ensure the safety of
all Muslims in the three cities in the food and beverage sector. For the
government, implementing rules to require halal certification is also a good
thing, considering that the majority of residents in the three cities are
Muslim. This not only benefits Muslims, but also the entire community in these
three cities. 2) Based on the interview with some samples, there is a lack of
understanding, information, and trust in halal certification in some micro and
small industries of the food and beverage sector. It is recommended to
academics, government, and halal activists to provide socializations for
information and teaching for these industries about halal certification.
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