FACTORS DETERMINING
THE ADOPTION OF E-PROCUREMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE
REVIEW
Zulkarnain*, Iskandar Muda, Sambas Ade Kesuma
Universitas Sumatera Utara, North
Sumatera, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]*
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Article
Information |
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ABSTRACT |
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Received:
January 12, 2023 Revised:
January 27, 2023 Approved: February 15, 2023 Online: February 25, 2023 |
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Technology is present to have an impact on business processes,
E-Procurement is one form of this technological development. E-Procurement is
a transaction for the procurement of goods and services by using internet
services as a connecting tool in the transaction process. This research aims to investigate the determinants of adopting e-procurement in several
developing countries. This study reinforces the results of previous research
on the determinants of E-Procurement adoption presented in the form of a
systematic literature review (SLR). To evaluate and understand the patterns
or themes of the selected documents, a systematic literature review is then
carried out. In this study, 157 documents from various countries were
published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000-2022 which were systematically
reviewed. The results of the study reveal that in general the determinants of
an entity in adopting E-Procurement are politics, socio-economic,
demographic, geographical, government regulations, supplier participation and
intentions, external organizational pressure, internal organizational
support, network connectivity/integration, increased task or convenience in
work, organizational culture, perception of resources, company size,
electronic systems for processing orders and invoicing, organizational
factors, readiness factors, supply factors, strategic factors, policy
factors, innovation factors (Trust, Excellence/ benefits and image)
moderating factors (uncertainty), Current Problems, Facilitators, inhibitors,
potential benefits, Quality of Information (Online Information, Purchasing
Procedures) and Quality of Logistics Fulfillment (accuracy of orders
fulfilled, timely orders fulfilled). |
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Keywords |
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Technology;
E-Procurement Adoption; Information Systems; Literature Review |
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INTRODUCTION
The
era of the industrial revolution 4.0 has made many changes to world
developments, especially in the field of technology. Technology has now been
adopted in various fields, both in the private sector and in the public sector.
In the public sector, this technological sophistication is known as
E-Government which is now used in E-Procurement either in the adoption process
or has used the E-Procurement system (Vaidya et al., 2017).
Technology has provided many benefits to the government sector including in the
field of public administration and in electronic procurement which can provide
the best at a lower cost (Moons, 2018),
according to (Carmeli A, And Freund A, 2004).
Another benefit obtained through implementing e-procurement practices is that
the Government can reduce administrative costs associated with procurement by
reducing the number of people and time associated with the procurement process.
For example, in a typical manual system, users must first find suppliers, obtain
appropriate paper catalogues, select items, and seek and obtain management
approval. After reviewing and approving the requisition by a procurement
professional, the purchase order will be faxed to the supplier. This fax will
be followed up with a phone call to verify receipt, and then copies will be
sent to shipping and receiving, accounting and finance, and department
managers. These paper-based systems are sequential, prone to errors, encourages
excess inventory, and makes integration across the enterprise very difficult.
With E-procurement, the process is much different and more efficient. Employees
can access approved vendor catalogues from their personal computers, identify
and compare items needed, and place orders. Product availability and shipping
information are easily accessible, and payments can be made electronically.
Utilizing internet facilities as a tool for business to business (B2B)
transactions has been carried out by many academics and practitioners
(Bartoccini, 2001; Carabello, 2001). Electronic business is the use of internet
technology which is used to simplify the process of an activity by providing
various benefits such as increasing productivity and increasing efficiency (Muffatto & Payaro, 2004).
E-Procurement
is an information and communication technology (ICT) intervention in the
purchasing domain of an organization and usually covers all processes from
requesting materials from users to payment of suppliers (Brandon Jones,
2017;Alvarez-Rodr-sayaguez et al., 2014; Rajkumar, 2001) . E-procurement or EP
for short is defined as a comprehensive process in which governments use IT
systems to establish agreements for the acquisition of products or services
(contracts) or to purchase products or services in exchange for payment
(purchases). E-procurement uses a variety of elements, including electronic
ordering, Internet bidding, buying cards, reverse auctions, and integrated
automated procurement systems (Moons, 2018).
Based on Gunasekaran et al.
(2002), EP will enable companies to shorten procurement periods, obtain
reasonable bids, reduce product design time frames and speed up product
launches. Using e-procurement can facilitate the government in the process of
procuring goods and services, this will certainly have an impact on the
government's financial performance, which by using the e-procurement system can
reduce costs with clearer accountability and transparency (Mélon, 2020).
Using E-Procurement can provide benefits to an organization, some of the
benefits include lower transaction costs, lower staff requirements, shorter
procurement cycles, reduced inventory levels, higher levels of transparency,
and increased communication and collaboration between supplier and buyer
organizations (Davila et al., 2003). ; Turban, King, Lee, Warkentin & Chung,
2002; Osmonbekov, Bello & Gilliland, 2002; Carter et al., 2000; Rajkumar,
2001; Min & Galle, 2003). The other benefits gained by adopting
E-Procurement are (1) The added value of the Internet lies in its ability to
contribute to reducing costs associated with communication and transactions.
The Internet allows access to vast amounts of information at a lower cost of
time and money than would be obtained from using any other tool, both within
and outside the organization; (2) the use of E-procurement helps to
decentralize purchasing processes which are more administrative as well as to
centralize the most strategic ones (eg, supplier selection); (3) the use of
this technology promotes better coordination within the company and increased
efficiency; (4) the use of the Internet in the purchasing process makes it
possible to quickly obtain a large amount of quality information and,
therefore, reduces the risks and uncertainties associated with purchases (5)
E-procurement is an element that creates value for companies and (6) this
technology contribute to driving trust between companies. Greater transparency
supports communication and collaboration between buying and selling
organizations (Boyle and Alwitt, 1999; Min and Galle, 1999; Avlonitis and
Karayanni, 2000; Tang et al., 2001; Boyd and Spekman, 2001; Porter, 2001;
Aberdeen Group , 2001; Arthur Anderson Business Consulting, 2001; Essig and
Arnold, 2001; Boer De et al., 2002; Puschmann and Alt, 2005). e-procurement
increases transparency and competition among suppliers and reduces bureaucracy,
procedure duration and overall costs; the difficulty and impact of
e-procurement implementation depends on the administration level of PCA; and
the lack of skilled human resources and ICT limits e-procurement implementation
(Aguiar et al., 2013).
With
several benefits provided by E-procurement services have an impact on
increasing the use of E-procurement in an organization compared to the
traditional or paper-based procurement of goods and services so that this can
motivate organizations to adopt it (Kumar & Ganguly, 2020).
Several developing countries have adopted E-Procurement, including in European
countries. All European countries have recognized the advantages of using
information and communication technology (ICT). This can be seen from the use
of online services, one of which is in the field of E-Procurement services in
the public sector (Aguiar et al., 2013). In
this regard, some experts suggest that implementing e-procurement in the public
sector can foster citizens' trust in public services, which, in turn,
facilitates more impartial government administration, greater public sector
efficiency, and lower contract enforcement costs (Von Haldenwang, 2004;
Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2008; Shim and Eom, 2008; Anderson, 2009). Innovation in
the procurement of goods and services using E-procurement is very important,
this is because using E-procurement can enable improvements in terms of
efficiency and quality, in the management of physical, information and
financial flows. In addition to increased productivity, very significant
changes have been achieved by technological innovation in the structure of
relationships between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, intermediaries,
customers and in the company's strategic choices. In particular, in a
competitive environment where the main resource is represented by information, an
important role is played by technology facilitating its acquisition, use and
management. The introduction of e-procurement can reduce the discretionary
power of public officials, promote public sector accountability, eliminate
lengthy tender procedures, increase transparency and lead to higher quality
public goods (Mélon, 2020).
Another benefit that can be felt from using E-Procurement is that Using the
Internet to replace private networks can have large cost savings as a result of
simplified communication. Property decision makers also believe that
e-Procurement has the potential to reduce infrastructure and transaction costs
and improve audit efficiency and control, which helps control costs (Kothari et al., 2005).
Problems
regarding the adoption of e-procurement technology systems are still common in
developing countries, such as European countries (EU). in 2010 the EU targeted
that by that year 100% of all had the ability to procure electronically, but in
reality in 2010 only 50% had the ability to adopt the E-Procurement system (Aguiar et al., 2013). the
adoption process of e-Procurement provides a contradiction in its
implementation. In order to understand the challenges posed by e-procurement,
it is necessary to understand the basic paths to follow when awarding public
contracts. In the area of Public Procurement, the EU directive describes
three types of procedures: open procedures, limited procedures and negotiated
procedures. In an open procedure, all interested suppliers, contractors or
service providers may bid in response to published contract notices. In
restricted procedures, only suppliers, contractors and service providers who
have been invited to participate by the contracting authority may bid (Carayannis & Popescu, 2005).
Based
on research conducted by Batenburg, European countries differ in the level and
speed of e-procurement adoption in various developing countries. More than 60%
of respondents from German and British companies said they use online
purchasing compared to around 40% of others (Polish, French, Italian and
Spanish organization Estonia) (Batenburg, 2007).
The
benefits of using e-procurement in European countries are generally almost the
same as in other developing countries such as cost savings and transparency (Carayannis & Popescu, 2005),
this can be seen from the practice of procuring EU public goods, where the
procurement is procedural and paper-based which has a sizable cost period and a
long waiting time in the procurement process. Because documents are sent by
fax, postal mail, and telex, a series of issues such as readability, delay, and
validation have cost the entity through delays in contract execution or the
cost of reduced competition in the market.
In
Portuguese, there are still many problems and contradictions related to the
adoption of e-procurement. The adoption of E-Procurement in Portugal itself
began to be implemented on November 1, 2009. When compared to countries in the
EU, Portugal was the first country to adopt E-Procurement with an impact
assessment.
Based
on studies on the implementation of e-procurement in a number of UK public
sector organizations, these researchers assert that economic benefits are a
significant factor in the adoption of e-procurement (Aguiar et al., 2013).
They also emphasize the importance of commitment and organizational support and
training which have been shown to be key factors influencing the use of
Internet purchasing tools.
The
e-Procurement technology is still considered to contain significant risks. In
general, there are several problems that are often encountered in developing
countries, when viewed from a technological point of view, the lack of accepted
standards as a whole prevents a large number of entities from adopting the
technology. Such entities are afraid to purchase 'closed' technologies that
cannot communicate with other technologies and thus limit access to the wider
network of supply chain constituents. But the risks are not limited to
technology, they also involve the business models that will emerge to support
e-procurement technologies. This technology will redefine supplier – customer
relationship – who can be a supplier? who pays for the investment required to
access the technology? what information is shared? The success of some
e-procurement technologies depends on the network effect that occurs only when
enough players adopt the technology. Finally, there are risks that bridge
business and technology, including the security and control systems that will
ensure the reliability of e-procurement technology (Davila et al., 2004).
This
study contributes to E- Procurement in the Public Sector by paying attention to
the determinants of E-Procurement adoption. Filtering from the overall research
question, this study addresses two other sub-questions; (1) Factors
of E-Procurement adoption in developing countries, and (2) E-Procurement
Adoption Strategy
METHODS
In
collecting research data, the authors conducted initial datasets on online
databases such as "Elsevier Science Direct," "Emerald
Insight," used to search existing literature. This review considers
publications on e-procurement adoption, use, and performance over the last
twenty-two years from 2000 to 2022. This analysis includes only articles
written in English and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. A
database search was carried out using keywords such as “E- Procurement
adoption, E- Procurement in the public sector”, “electronic procurement
adoption”, “use of electronic procurement”, “electronic procurement
performance”, and “government/ public electronic procurement".
Researchers
use various combinations of keywords to find a comprehensive list of all
relevant papers. The initial search yielded approximately 157 research
publications from all databases. These 157 papers were subjected to screening
based on title and abstract. Articles such as reports, book reviews, review
papers, conference papers and data articles are excluded in the screening
process. The papers screened in the screening were then critically studied by
reviewing the manuscripts for suitability for E-Procurement adoption.
Approximately 157 papers were screened through manuscript review and selection
criteria. The 38 papers, which were selected, were further examined by reading
the entire article. Based on scientific judgment, irrelevant publications are
filtered out after reading. In order to find suitable papers that were not detected
through online searches, reference tracking was carried out. Paper review,
refinement and sorting not only describe in-depth coverage but also capture
critical aspects of the literature (Hosseini, et al.,
2019). The final evaluation of all the articles obtained became the most
relevant 38 articles from 17 countries, as listed in Table 1 which describes
the distribution of articles in each country.
Table 1. Country of Origin and Number of Articles
|
Number |
Country |
Number of
Articles |
|
1 |
United
States of America |
12 |
|
2 |
India |
7 |
|
3 |
United
Kingdom |
3 |
|
4 |
Australia |
2 |
|
5 |
Malaysia |
2 |
|
6 |
Belgium |
1 |
|
7 |
Canada |
1 |
|
8 |
United
Kingdom |
1 |
|
9 |
Hong
Kong |
1 |
|
10 |
Indonesia |
1 |
|
11 |
Nepal |
1 |
|
12 |
Dutch |
1 |
|
13 |
Singapore |
1 |
|
14 |
Taiwan |
1 |
|
15 |
Thailand |
1 |
|
16 |
Turkey |
1 |
|
17 |
UAE |
1 |
Based on table 1, it can be
concluded that the publication of articles that have the most publications in
accordance with the topic in this study is the United States and followed by
India and England and several other countries. From the results of document identification,
researchers found 31 studies conducted in the private sector and 7 studies
conducted in the government sector.
RESULTS
After
collecting articles and finding as many as 38 articles that are in conformity
with the topic of the problem, then the articles were reviewed by Literature
Review and classified into various categories for better information analysis.
Information from each article is thoroughly evaluated to record data concisely
for each category. For better information analysis, Microsoft Excel has been
used to record content. The various categories identified for this literature
review were: chronological study publications, journal study publications.
Geographical location, public and industry sectors, methodology used,
theory/framework and model used in the research, the following describes the
names of the journals of the 38 articles selected according to the research
topic.
Table 2. Journal Name
|
Sr. No |
Journal name |
No. of papers |
|
1 |
International
Journal of Production Economics |
6 |
|
2 |
Industrial
Management and Data Systems |
3 |
|
3 |
International
Journal of Operations and Production Management |
2 |
|
4 |
Journal
of Enterprise Information Management |
2 |
|
5 |
Journal
of Operations Management |
2 |
|
6 |
Transforming
Government: People, Process, and Policy |
2 |
|
7 |
Benchmarking:
An International Journal |
1 |
|
8 |
Computers
in Human Behavior |
1 |
|
9 |
Electronic
Government, an International JournaL |
1 |
|
10 |
Electronic
Journal of e-Government |
1 |
|
11 |
IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management |
1 |
|
12 |
Industrial
Marketing Management |
1 |
|
13 |
Information
and Management |
1 |
|
14 |
Journal
of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce |
1 |
|
15 |
International
Journal of Business and Societ |
1 |
|
16 |
Internet
Research |
1 |
|
17 |
IUP
Journal of Management Research |
1 |
|
18 |
IUP
Journal of Management Research |
1 |
|
19 |
Journal
of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing |
1 |
|
20 |
Journal
of management information systems |
1 |
|
21 |
Journal
of Internet Commerce |
1 |
|
22 |
Information
Systems Research |
1 |
|
23 |
Journal
of Public Procurement |
1 |
|
24 |
Management
Research Review |
1 |
|
25 |
Journal
of Small Business and Enterprise Development |
1 |
|
26 |
Omega |
1 |
|
27 |
Omega |
1 |
Descriptive Findings
The
findings in this research indicate that research publications in the field of
E-Procurement are scattered in several developing countries, where in review of
publications in this study there are 17 countries that have adopted
E-Procurement and are appropriate in this research topic. For research trends
from 2000 to 2022 related to research on E-Procurement adoption, it can be
explained in Figure 1 as follows:
Figure 1. Years of Research
Trend
Based on Figure 1, it can be concluded that
the trend of research from 2000 to 2022 began in 2007 with the peak of the
trend of research occurring in 2010. Of the 38 articles that were used as a
review of this research, the country that had the largest publication was the
United States and the research publication was in 2010.
Geographical Location of Research
The geographical location of
the research is a description of the area or location that is the object of
research on E-Procurement. The document that became the literature review was
38 studies covering almost 17 countries, as shown in Figure 1.2. The majority
of studies were conducted in the United States (twelve studies or 29.57%),
followed by India (seven studies or 15.28%), United Kingdom (three studies or
8.57%), Australia (two studies or 5.71%) and Malaysia (two studies or 5.71%).
Only one study each was conducted in Belgium, Canada, UK, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Nepal, Netherlands, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and UAE. A single study
was conducted covering several countries.
Figure 2. Geographical Location
of Research
Based
on Figure 2, it can be concluded that the United States is the country that has
the most publications on research on the adoption of e-procurement, followed by
India and several other countries.
Research
approaches, methods and techniques
As
for the research approach itself, the researchers found that 34 or 90% of the
research used a quantitative research approach with a survey method, namely
distributing questionnaires to manager respondents and staff of the procurement
of goods and services and 4 studies using a qualitative approach. research
techniques used by some researchers generally use quantitative techniques used
in data analysis, most studies (18 studies or 58%) use structural equation
modelling followed by multiple regression (9 studies or 29%), basic statistics
(2 studies or 7%), logistic regression (1 study or 3%) and cluster analysis (1
study or 3%).
Figure 3. Research Approaches
Figure 4. Research Techniques
Theory findings
The findings show that some
researchers use several theories as a basis for their research. theories/models
such as the “technology acceptance model (TAM)” (Davis, 1985, 1989; Davis et
al., 1989), the “technology – organization – environment (TOE) framework”
(Tornatzky and Fleischer, 1990), “theory of planned behavior ( TPB)” (Ajzen,
1985, 1991), “innovation diffusion theory (DOI)” (Rogers, 1995), “Delone and
Mclean IS success model” (Delone and Mclean, 2003), “institutional theory (IT)”
(Teo, et al., 2003), “transaction cost theory (TCT),” “resource-based view
(RBV)” and “dynamic capabilities theory (DCT)” are cited as the basis for EP
AUP research. As described in Table 2 and shown in Figure 5, some researchers
use only a single adoption theory or its modifications, such as the
"Delone and Mclean (D&M) IS success model" (Sambasivan, 2010),
"TAM" (Olson and Boyer, 2003; Kamarulzaman et al., 2013; Ramkumar and
Jenamani, 2015; Brandon-Jones and Kauppi, 2018), theory “TOE” (Teo, et al.,
2009; dua et al., 2012; Ramdani et al., 2013). Some authors use various
theories in combination, such as “IT” and “TCT” (Son and Benbasat, 2007), “RBV”
together with “DCT” (Vaidyanathan and Devaraj, 2008), TAM with “TPB” (Gamal
Aboelmaged, 2010 ), TAM, TPB and “DOI” (Gumussoy and Calisir, 2009), TAM, DOI
and TOE (Alomar and de Visscher, 2017), TAM, RBV and DCT (Rakumar et al., 2019)
and TOE and RBV (Misra et al., 2007). In addition, nearly 20 studies have used
the researcher-developed model (RDM) which consists of various constructs
mainly derived from the existing literature.
In general, of 38 documents that
describe the theory or model that researchers always use, there is a theory or
model from Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) and TOE. This theory is used
because TAM provides a theoretical basis for knowing the factors
that influence the acceptance of a technology in an organization. TAM aims to explain and
predict user acceptance of an information system. TAM provides a theoretical
basis for knowing the factors that influence the acceptance of a technology in
an organization. TAM explains the causal relationship between beliefs (the
benefits of an information system and ease of use) and the behavior, goals/ needs,
and actual use of users/users of an information system.
DISCUSSION
Facilitating
the Internet in business-to-business transactions The Internet is considered
the dominant facilitation technology for e-commerce by many academics and
practitioners. E-Procurement is a form of transaction that uses the internet in
the process of procuring goods. Research on E-Procurement has been carried out
in several developing countries. Contradiction related to the implementation of
E-Procurement is one of the topics which until now is still being used as a
topic of research. The various benefits offered from the adoption of
E-Procurement itself cannot be measured optimally because they are both
quantitative (eg efficiency savings) and qualitative (eg increased transparency,
control, etc.). In several countries it was found that the majority of
respondents using e-procurement technology were relatively new to
e-procurement, only 34 percent had been involved in initiatives related to
e-procurement technology for one year or more. The low adoption rate has also
limited e-procurement technology users from leveraging the capabilities
associated with their suppliers. Users of e-procurement technology report that
they can source goods via the Internet from only 15 percent of their supply
base.
The
results of the study show that some developed countries such as the US have
adopted e-procurement, where the adoption process is mostly in non-profit
organizations, this is according to research conducted by (Davila et al., 2004) in
his research he also explained that an entity would adopt E-Procurement because
it had considerable advantages from implementing the technology and in his
research he also emphasized that overall adoption in each sector can be carried
out immediately by means of an entity that has adopted E-Procurement is willing
to share experiences positively related to the use or adoption of a technology
system and its business risks.
The
process of adopting E-Procurement itself in developed countries has not yet
fully adopted the technology system, this is due to a lot of contrasts that
have occurred, among others, due to a set of promising technologies that have
not yet resolved how each set will meet the needs of various market segments,
or which design is dominant. which will direct the technologies for their rapid
adoption. In addition, there are certain risks associated with implementing
e-procurement technology that need to be addressed before this technology
becomes widely accepted. This study also found the main functions of adopting
E-Procurement in an entity, namely the Catalogue, Repository and Content
Management functions, making it easier to submit requests for offers, requests
for information or requests for proposals to suppliers, workflow, system
integration.
Some
of the factors found in the adoption of E-Procurement are organizational
factors, readiness, supply, strategy, policy, development strategy, supplier
adoption, conformity to best practices for business cases, system integration,
procurement process rearrangement, implementation strategy, technology
standards, and legal compliance. In the several documents that make up this
review, we found that there were differences in each country in the process of
adopting E-Procurement where the most dominant factor was related to the factor
of usefulness, use and value of E-Procurement itself.
Apart
from the factors described above, there were also several other factors, namely
internal organization, integration with supplier electronic systems, supplier
willingness, perceived increase in transactions and supplier pressure. However,
the main supplier's willingness factor and future intention to transact online
are the driving forces influencing buyer's intention to use e-procurement. The
analysis shows that the research was conducted using different theoretical
frameworks, with a relatively small sample size (on average). N =260) collected
from various countries. In addition, it largely relies on the "TAM,"
the "TOE framework" and its extensions to describe the adoption and
intended use of EPs.
The
research findings show that in general the strategy used by some organizations
to adopt their E-Procurement is by using a wait and see approach. Companies are
generally aware of technological developments related to E-Procurement, but do
not resource or invest selectively until the best e-procurement model can be
identified. In general, these companies think that the presence of these
technological developments does not provide more benefits for diverting the
procurement process which they believe is good or well-established compared to
using electronic procurement or known as E-Procurement. Several companies found
in this literature review will adopt E-Procurement over the next 12 months
after seeing the development of the company and the need for this technology
CONCLUSION
Guidance
of companies in adopting E-Procurement in this literature review found that companies
in several developing countries still have high concerns about the adoption of
e-procurement, the risks that we found in this study are first internal
business risks: companies are not sure about whether they have the right
resources to successfully implement an e-procurement solution. Experimenting
with companies following a 'wait and see' strategy can help develop the
necessary absorption capacities. Implementing an e-procurement solution
requires not only the system itself successfully carrying out the purchasing
process, but most importantly, integrating with the existing information
infrastructure. This internal information infrastructure includes systems such
as accounting, human resources, asset management, inventory management,
accounts payable, production planning, and cash management systems. Most
organizations that are adopting or looking to adopt e-procurement software
already have significant investments in these other systems; integrating this
new technology with existing platforms should happen as seamlessly as possible.
Failure to integrate creates duplicate work steps and compromises the
reliability of organizational information. Second, technology risk: companies
also fear the lack of widely accepted standards and a clear understanding of
which e-procurement technologies best suit individual company needs. The lack
of a widely accepted solution hinders the integration of different
e-procurement software across the supply chain. The significance of these risk
factors seems to suggest the need for clear and open standards that will
facilitate inter-organizational e-procurement of technology. Without widely
accepted coding standards, technical and process specifications, e-procurement
technology adoption will be slow and will fail to deliver many of the expected
benefits and lastly the third. Risks of the e-procurement process: another set
of risks related to the security and control of the e-procurement process
itself. Organizations must be sure, for example, that unauthorized actions will
not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committed to
e-procurement technologies.
These
results reinforce the view that there has been a shift in attitudes towards the
use of electronic systems in the procurement process, and this could be
suggested due to the decline in overall business expectations following the
burst of the Internet bubble. Such changes in attitudes and expectations are to
be expected given the volatile market created by the rapid developments taking
place in the information industry. This research has several limitations. The
limited number of documents that can be used as a literature review, this is
due to access difficulties in finding and downloading documents. This study is
also limited to organizations within large and complex confederation networks,
which may limit generalizability. However, these findings may have significance
in the public sector and the private sector.
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