STUDY LITERATURE
REVIEW OF THE RISE OF TAX AVOIDANCE PRACTICES
Raya Puspita Sari Hasibuan*, Iskandar Muda, Sambas Ade
Kesuma
Universitas Sumatera Utara,
North Sumatera, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected]*
|
Article
Information |
|
ABSTRACT |
|
Received:
January 21, 2023 Revised:
January 31, 2023 Approved: February 20, 2023 Online: February 24, 2023 |
|
This study aims to find out how many companies are trying to avoid
taxes. This research was conducted by observing a number of papers, namely by
documenting various articles related to tax avoidance and then adapting them
according to several categories until finally there were 313 articles that
could be used. Initially there were 644 articles, then adapted based on the
selection of abstracts and several inappropriate criteria so that the number
became 404 articles, and then read again until finally there were 313
articles that could be examined. In this study, the fact is that many companies
are trying to avoid taxes, utilizing the services of tax consultants in order
to reduce the amount of corporate tax that must be paid. In addition, the
company always tries to use a variety of very subtle techniques so that the
tax authorities cannot find out, there is a very significant difference in
relation to carrying out tax evasion by taking advantage of loopholes in the
law compared to carrying out illegal tax evasion and this will certainly lead
to new problem for the company. Thus, the urgency of paying taxes will always
be supervised and monitored by the government due to certain targets in an
effort to increase the realization of tax revenues every year. |
|
Keywords |
|
|
|
Tax
Avoidance; Effective
Tax Rate; Accounting
Conservatism Principle; Thin Capitalization |
|
INTRODUCTION
Tax is a coercive state
revenue and has a very large influence on the welfare of the country, because
taxes will be used for the development of a country (Thomsen & Watrin, 2018).
Each country has a different pattern with respect to motivating its people to
pay these taxes (Finér & Ylönen, 2017). It
should be that every use of tax money must be done very well (Annuar et al., 2014).
Various evaluations have been carried out in such a way as to improve people's
welfare (Tenidou et al., 2015). One
of them can be done by increasing equity in sustainable development (Toumi et al., 2022).
Equitable development can be
done by increasing revenue receipts from each region in the country (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). The
intended regional revenue can be in the form of tax revenue (Gunn et al., 2020).
Where, it is absolutely understood that taxes are revenues that are highly
expected and even have a dominating percentage. According to (Mikalef et al., 2018)
"Taxes are contributions to the state which in practice can be forced,
this tax is useful for administering government in a country for general
matters relating to the duties of the state as administrators". However,
in reality the tax is a mandatory contribution that entrepreneurs always want
to avoid (Firmansyah et al., 2022). This
is because, there is a thought that the tax that has been deposited has not
been able to provide the expected benefits in accordance with the contribution
that has been made (Schmidt & Gunther, 2016).
The government has very
extraordinary expectations related to the realization of tax revenues (Hilling et al., 2021).
However, the problem is that there is still a lot of fraud or fraud that occurs
in the taxation sector (Cheng et al., 2021).
This is not limited to taxpayers who are always very reluctant to pay taxes,
then tax authorities who are very tempted by very promising tax revenues and
even various multinational companies that are very bona fide always reduce
their taxes or even be able to commit illegal tax evasion of course the main
reason the tax rate is still relatively high (Bassey et al., 2022).
Tax Avoidance is tax evasion which is sometimes quite
difficult to detect (Windsor, 2017).
However, there are several things that can be applied to detect it, although in
essence the truth cannot be absolutely confirmed (Williamson, 2022).
Through discretionary accruals where company management can manipulate accrual
income and is usually used to achieve the desired income. (Uribe-Terán, 2021)
added that managers have the ability to control the accrual portion in the short
term. This discretionary accrual is part of earning management thus logically
it can be done to avoid paying taxes (Cecilia Fredriksson et al., 2017).
Tax avoidance is an effort to minimize the tax burden in accordance with tax
regulations (Windsor,
2017). Attempts to minimize the tax
burden are carried out intentionally in violation of the law, that is what is
known as tax evasion (Badertscher et
al., 2013). Both tax avoidance and tax evasion
are quite difficult to identify because proof of the act will only be carried
out based on negligence or intentional motives (Duan
et al., 2018).
Approaches that can be used in controlling net
income (Xia et al.,
2017)including:
First, by controlling accrual transactions, where accrual transactions have an
effect on income and costs but do not appear on cash flow. For example:
amortization and depreciation are fully controlled by the company in terms of
determining their useful lives so that the company can adjust the amount of
charging costs according to management's wishes in order to achieve the final
result on the desired net income (Richardson et
al., 2016).
There are two concepts of accruals, namely: discretionary accruals and
non-discretionary accruals (Choi & Park, 2022).
The
tax rate is the basis for imposing taxes on the tax object that is the
responsibility of the person (Huang
et al., 2016). The tax rate is usually a
percentage (%). One of the tax rates that can be charged to taxpayers is the
effective tax rate (Cen
et al., 2017). The effective tax rate is the
percentage of the effective tax rate that applies or must be determined on a
certain tax basis (A.
Hong et al., 2019). (Hsieh
et al., 2018) examines return on investment in
tax management where research uses ETR to measure the effectiveness of tax
management.
Firm
value is assumed as a benchmark to determine whether the company is in good
condition or not (Taherinia
et al., 2022). The long term goal of the company
is to optimize the value of the company (Kovermann
& Velte, 2019). The increase in the value of the
company can describe the welfare of the owner of the company, so that the owner
of the company tries to work harder by using various incentives to maximize the
value of the company by encouraging managers to maximize their performance (Kovermann
& Wendt, 2019).
Conservatism
in accounting can be translated through the statement "not anticipating
profits, but anticipating all losses" (Chang
et al., 2013). Conservatism can be defined as the
practice of reducing profits and shrinking net assets in response to bad news,
but not increasing profits (increasing net assets) in response to good news (Lin
et al., 2017).
Thin
capitalization is the practice of
parent companies to finance their subsidiaries with a higher percentage of debt
than equity (Agell
et al., 2004). The amount of interest costs borne
by the company is directly proportional to the amount of the company's debt, so
the greater the amount of company debt, the higher the amount of interest costs
on loans borne by the company (Peyer
& Vermaelen, 2016). Research conducted by (Huseynov
& Klamm, 2012) states that thin capitalization has
a share in the practice of tax avoidance, so it can be concluded that the thin
capitalization variable has a positive effect on corporate tax avoidance.
Figure
1. Corporate Tax Avoidance
The
following is a research trend in relation to tax evasion which turns out to be
very much scrutinized and of course it is an ongoing discussion that is still
very hot to discuss. This is in line with various technological developments
that have caused many companies to always try to avoid these taxes. Thus, the
development of research related to tax avoidance is indeed very appropriate to
continue to understand its literacy and look for various solutions that are
good for the tax authorities and taxpayers who are always trying to do this tax
evasion. This
study aims to find out how many companies are trying to avoid taxes.
METHODS
This research is a literature
review study (SLR) in which observations are made of a number of documented
papers with various predetermined criteria (DeCicca et al., 2013).
This method is carried out by collecting many papers with the same discussion
in the last ten years where the year of observation has been determined by the
researcher and then analyzing the number of papers using a prism diagram (Stehr, 2005). In
this case the number of papers observed were papers originating from Scopus Q1
and Q2, Emerald, Ebsco, WoS and so on. while the source used is limited to
paper, there are no books or proceedings in it (Balestrino, 2010).
This observation strategy was carried out in order to improve the quality of
paper observations from several years ago and are constantly being updated to
facilitate and enrich reader literacy (Traxler, 2012). In
this case the problem referred to in this study is related to Tax Avoidance.
The following presents a table of operational definitions that can be used in
measuring each variable in this study (Lim, 2011).
Figure 2. Identification of Articles Processes
The following is a prism diagram which explains the
number of papers studied. In this paper, the majority of those studied came
from Scopus Q1 and Q2 papers, where this paper is a paper related to tax
avoidance. Thus, this diagram explains tracing the number of papers, which
initially consisted of 644 papers to be examined, then dropped to 404 papers,
and finally, based on the completeness of the data held, 313 papers were
examined relating to tax evasion.
Table 1. Operational
Definitions and Variable Measurement Methods
|
Variable
Name/Type |
Variable
Definitions |
Parameter |
Measurement
Scale |
|
|
Discretionary
Accruals (X1) |
The degree
of control over shifting accrual accounts |
|
Ratio |
|
|
Effective
Tax Rate (X2) |
The
percentage of the effective tax rate on a company from the number of other
tax rate percentages |
|
Ratio |
|
|
Accounting Conservatism Principle (X5) |
Efforts
were made to anticipate various losses that might occur |
|
Ratio |
|
|
Thin
Capitalization (X7) |
Efforts to
minimize own capital and maximize company debt |
|
Ratio |
|
|
Tax
Avoidance (Y) |
Tax
avoidance by taxpayers, where there are those that are legal and unlawful |
|
Ratio |
|
RESULTS
Discretionary
accruals is a policy set by company
management without having to follow policies in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles (Kim
et al., 2011). This discretionary accrual is part
of earnings management that can be used to avoid taxes (Taylor
& Richardson, 2013). This can be done by the company,
but it is very difficult to detect (Salihu
et al., 2015). This discretionary accrual is able
to control net income conditions, so it will be very closely related to the
application of Tax Avoidance (Campbell &
Helleloid, 2016).
Effective
tax rate is the effective tax rate
that is expected to remain low so that the plantation company pays a low amount
of corporate tax (Daníelsson
et al., 2022). In this study, the effective tax
rate has a partial relationship to Tax Avoidance (Johannesen,
2014). That is, the plantation companies
in this study have an effective tax rate that always tends to be small so that
they are able to attract investors to invest in these companies (Suoniemi
et al., 2021).
Accounting
conservatism principle is an
accounting principle, where there is an avoidance of losses that may occur in
the plantation company (Collins
et al., 2021). If the company has a profit that
is higher than the value of cash flows from operating activities, then the
company is practicing accounting conservatism (Herath
& Mittal, 2022). Accounting conservatism is
exercised to varying degrees (Dmitriu
& Popescu, 2020). In this study, accounting
conservatism is measured using accruals (Krieger
et al., 2021). Where, accounting conservatism
partially affects Tax Avoidance (DeCanio,
2016).
Thin
capitalization is a condition where
the majority of the plantation company's sources of funds come from debt (Shank
et al., 2021). The simple analogy is that the
debt obtained will not be free and without reward (Bartelsman
& Beetsma, 2003). The intended reward is
compensation in the form of interest costs that must be paid (Knudsen,
2020). Initially, researchers were very
afraid to include thin capitalization variables in this study (Plant
et al., 2022). Obviously, the researchers thought
that applying thin capitalization was not allowed in. But the fact is that
there are KMK that have been explained in the previous presentation related to
thin capitalization. Therefore, in this study, thin capitalization has a
partial effect on Tax Avoidance (Kirchler et al.,
2003).
CONCLUSION
Discretionary
accruals, effective tax rate, accounting conservatism principle, and thin
capitalization have a very strong relationship to Tax Avoidance (Prasastia, 2017). Tax avoidance can be done in many
ways, along with technological developments, tax avoidance can be done more
smoothly and with a variety of motives (Rohlin
et al., 2014). Tax avoidance is basically
permissible if it does not violate applicable regulations (McGarry,
2001). Along with the times, more and
more taxpayers are reluctant to pay these taxes (Rohlin
et al., 2014). This is mainly because it is not
clear where the payment or utilization of the tax funds will be given (Herath
& Mittal, 2022). Today's society is very
intelligent in observing developments that occur (Coombs
et al., 2020). The drying up of social media
accounts has made the public very intelligent in monitoring and understanding
various forms of information (Dmitriu
& Popescu, 2020). Thus, what should not be done is
illegal tax evasion (Herath
& Mittal, 2022).
Future
researchers are strongly advised to use a more certain dependent variable,
where it is known that tax avoidance consists of two parts, namely tax
avoidance and tax evasion (Mikalef et al.,
2018). In further research, it is better
to be able to determine whether it is part of the application of tax avoidance
or is part of tax evasion (Hilling et al.,
2021). This means that it needs to be
studied again related to more rigid calculation certainty, a deeper
understanding of theory, as well as a search for journals and other research
that will be supportive.(Bassey
et al., 2022). So that the direction and results
of research will be more certain and more useful (Okoli
& Schabram, 2010).
REFERENCES
Agell, J., Persson, M., & Sacklén, H. (2004). The
effects of tax reform on labor supply, tax revenue and welfare when tax
avoidance matters. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4),
963–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.08.005
Annuar, H. A., Salihu, I. A., &
Obid, S. N. S. (2014). Corporate Ownership, Governance and Tax Avoidance: An
Interactive Effects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164(August),
150–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.063
Badertscher, B. A., Katz, S. P.,
& Rego, S. O. (2013). The separation of ownership and control and corporate
tax avoidance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(2–3),
228–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.08.005
Balestrino, A. (2010). Tax avoidance
and the endogenous formation of social norms. Journal of Socio-Economics,
39(5), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.06.003
Bartelsman, E. J., & Beetsma, R.
M. W. J. (2003). Why pay more? Corporate tax avoidance through transfer pricing
in OECD countries. Journal of Public Economics, 87(9–10),
2225–2252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00018-X
Bassey, E., Mulligan, E., & Ojo,
A. (2022). A conceptual framework for digital tax administration - A systematic
review. Government Information Quarterly, 39(4), 101754.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101754
Campbell, K., & Helleloid, D.
(2016). Starbucks: Social responsibility and tax avoidance. Journal of
Accounting Education, 37, 38–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2016.09.001
Cecilia Fredriksson, Farooq Mubarak,
Marja Tuohimaa, & Ming Zhan. (2017). Big Data in the Public Sector: A
Systematic Literature Review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration,
21(3), 22.
Cen, L., Maydew, E. L., Zhang, L.,
& Zuo, L. (2017). Customer–supplier relationships and corporate tax
avoidance. Journal of Financial Economics, 123(2), 377–394.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.09.009
Chang, L. L., Hsiao, F. D., &
Tsai, Y. C. (2013). Earnings, institutional investors, tax avoidance, and firm
value: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing
and Taxation, 22(2), 98–108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.07.001
Cheng, C. S. A., Kim, J., Rhee, M.,
& Zhou, J. (2021). Time Orientation in Languages and Tax Avoidance. Journal
of Business Ethics, 180(2), 625–650.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04892-3
Choi, J., & Park, H. (2022). Tax
Avoidance, Tax Risk, and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Korea. Sustainability
(Switzerland), 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010469
Collins, C., Dennehy, D., Conboy, K.,
& Mikalef, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in information systems
research: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International
Journal of Information Management, 60(June), 102383.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383
Coombs, C., Hislop, D., Taneva, S.
K., & Barnard, S. (2020). The strategic impacts of Intelligent Automation
for knowledge and service work: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of
Strategic Information Systems, 29(4), 101600.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2020.101600
Daníelsson, J., Macrae, R., &
Uthemann, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence and systemic risk. Journal of
Banking and Finance, 140.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106290
DeCanio, S. J. (2016). Robots and
humans – complements or substitutes? Journal of Macroeconomics, 49,
280–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2016.08.003
DeCicca, P., Kenkel, D., & Liu,
F. (2013). Excise tax avoidance: The case of state cigarette taxes. Journal
of Health Economics, 32(6), 1130–1141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.08.005
Duan, T., Ding, R., Hou, W., &
Zhang, J. Z. (2018). The burden of attention: CEO publicity and tax avoidance. Journal
of Business Research, 87(March 2017), 90–101.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.010
Dumitriu, D., & Popescu, M. A. M.
(2020). Artificial intelligence solutions for digital marketing. Procedia
Manufacturing, 46(2019), 630–636.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.090
Finér, L., & Ylönen, M. (2017).
Tax-driven wealth chains: A multiple case study of tax avoidance in the finnish
mining sector. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 48, 53–81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2017.01.002
Firmansyah, A., Arham, A., Qadri, R.
A., Wibowo, P., Irawan, F., Kustiani, N. A., Wijaya, S., Andriani, A. F.,
Arfiansyah, Z., Kurniawati, L., Mabrur, A., Dinarjito, A., Kusumawati, R.,
& Mahrus, M. L. (2022). Political connections, investment opportunity sets,
tax avoidance: does corporate social responsibility disclosure in Indonesia
have a role? Heliyon, 8(8).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10155
Gunn, A. F., Koch, D. J., &
Weyzig, F. (2020). A methodology to measure the quality of tax avoidance case
studies: Findings from the Netherlands. Journal of International Accounting,
Auditing and Taxation, 39, 100318.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100318
Herath, H. M. K. K. M. B., &
Mittal, M. (2022). Adoption of artificial intelligence in smart cities: A
comprehensive review. International Journal of Information Management Data
Insights, 2(1), 100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100076
Hilling, A., Lundtofte, F., Sandell,
N., Sonnerfeldt, A., & Vilhelmsson, A. (2021). Tax avoidance and state
ownership — The case of Sweden. Economics Letters, 208, 110063.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110063
Hong, H., Lobo, G. J., & Ryou, J.
W. (2019). Financial market development and firm investment in tax avoidance:
Evidence from credit default swap market. Journal of Banking and Finance,
107, 105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.105608
Hsieh, T. S., Wang, Z., &
Demirkan, S. (2018). Overconfidence and tax avoidance: The role of CEO and CFO
interaction. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 37(3),
241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2018.04.004
Huang, H. H., Lobo, G. J., Wang, C.,
& Xie, H. (2016). Customer concentration and corporate tax avoidance. Journal
of Banking and Finance, 72, 184–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.07.018
Huseynov, F., & Klamm, B. K.
(2012). Tax avoidance, tax management and corporate social responsibility. Journal
of Corporate Finance, 18(4), 804–827.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.06.005
Johannesen, N. (2014). Tax avoidance
with cross-border hybrid instruments. Journal of Public Economics, 112,
40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.01.011
Kim, J. B., Li, Y., & Zhang, L.
(2011). Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level
analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 100(3), 639–662.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.07.007
Kirchler, E., Maciejovsky, B., &
Schneider, F. (2003). Everyday representations of tax avoidance, tax evasion,
and tax flight: Do legal differences matter? Journal of Economic Psychology,
24(4), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00164-2
Knudsen, D. R. (2020). Elusive
boundaries, power relations, and knowledge production: A systematic review of
the literature on digitalization in accounting. International Journal of
Accounting Information Systems, 36, 100441.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2019.100441
Kovermann, J., & Velte, P.
(2019). The impact of corporate governance on corporate tax avoidance—A
literature review. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and
Taxation, 36, 100270.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2019.100270
Kovermann, J., & Wendt, M.
(2019). Tax avoidance in family firms: Evidence from large private firms. Journal
of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 15(2), 145–157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2019.04.003
Krieger, F., Drews, P., & Velte,
P. (2021). Explaining the (non-) adoption of advanced data analytics in
auditing: A process theory. International Journal of Accounting Information
Systems, 41, 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2021.100511
Lim, Y. (2011). Tax avoidance, cost
of debt and shareholder activism: Evidence from Korea. Journal of Banking
and Finance, 35(2), 456–470.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.08.021
Lin, K. Z., Cheng, S., & Zhang,
F. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility, Institutional Environments, and Tax
Avoidance: Evidence from a Subnational Comparison in China. International
Journal of Accounting, 52(4), 303–318.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2017.11.002
McGarry, K. (2001). The cost of
equality: Unequal bequests and tax avoidance. Journal of Public Economics,
79(1), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00100-6
Mikalef, P., Pappas, I. O., Krogstie,
J., & Giannakos, M. (2018). Big data analytics capabilities: a systematic
literature review and research agenda. Information Systems and E-Business
Management, 16(3), 547–578.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-017-0362-y
Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2010).
Working Papers on Information Systems A Guide to Conducting a Systematic
Literature Review of Information Systems Research. Working Papers on
Information Systems, 10(2010). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1954824
Peyer, U., & Vermaelen, T.
(2016). Political affiliation and dividend tax avoidance: Evidence from the
2013 fiscal cliff. Journal of Empirical Finance, 35, 136–149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2015.10.009
Plant, O. H., van Hillegersberg, J.,
& Aldea, A. (2022). Rethinking IT governance: Designing a framework for
mitigating risk and fostering internal control in a DevOps environment. International
Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 45(January 2021), 100560.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2022.100560
Prasastia, M. (2017). Perencanaan
Bisnis Pineapple Greeting Art.
Richardson, G., Wang, B., &
Zhang, X. (2016). Ownership structure and corporate tax avoidance: Evidence
from publicly listed private firms in China. Journal of Contemporary
Accounting and Economics, 12(2), 141–158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2016.06.003
Rohlin, S., Rosenthal, S. S., &
Ross, A. (2014). Tax avoidance and business location in a state border model. Journal
of Urban Economics, 83, 34–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2014.06.003
Salihu, I. A., Annuar, H. A., &
Sheikh Obid, S. N. (2015). Foreign investors’ interests and corporate tax
avoidance: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Contemporary
Accounting and Economics, 11(2), 138–147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2015.03.001
Schmidt, U., & Günther, T.
(2016). Public sector accounting research in the higher education sector: a
systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 66(4),
235–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-016-0120-0
Shank, D. B., Bowen, M., Burns, A.,
& Dew, M. (2021). Humans are perceived as better, but weaker, than
artificial intelligence: A comparison of affective impressions of humans, AIs,
and computer systems in roles on teams. Computers in Human Behavior Reports,
3(April), 100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100092
Stehr, M. (2005). Cigarette tax
avoidance and evasion. Journal of Health Economics, 24(2),
277–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.08.005
Suoniemi, S., Terho, H., Zablah, A.,
Olkkonen, R., & Straub, D. W. (2021). The impact of firm-level and
project-level it capabilities on CRM system quality and organizational
productivity. Journal of Business Research, 127(April 2020),
108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.007
Taherinia, M., Abdi, M., &
Dormishi, M. (2022). Tax Avoidance and the Auditor’s Opinion: The Role Of
Uncertainty and Government Ownership (Evidence from the Stock Market of Iran). Australasian
Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 16(3), 73–94.
https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v16i3.06
Taylor, G., & Richardson, G.
(2013). The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures:
Evidence from Australian firms. Journal of International Accounting,
Auditing and Taxation, 22(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.005
Tenidou, E., Valsamidis, S.,
Petasakis, I., & Mandilas, A. (2015). Elenxis, an Effective Tool for the
War Against Tax Avoidance and Evasion. Procedia Economics and Finance, 33(15),
303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01714-1
Thomsen, M., & Watrin, C. (2018).
Tax avoidance over time: A comparison of European and U.S. firms. Journal of
International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 33(November),
40–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2018.11.002
Toumi, F., Bouraoui, M. A., &
Khlif, H. (2022). National culture and tax avoidance: a quantile regression
analysis. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 40(2),
196–211. https://doi.org/10.1108/AGJSR-05-2022-0047
Traxler, C. (2012). Majority voting
and the welfare implications of tax avoidance. Journal of Public Economics,
96(1–2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.07.006
Uribe-Terán, C. (2021). Higher taxes
at the top? The role of tax avoidance. Journal of Economic Dynamics and
Control, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2021.104187
Williamson, E. (2022). Challenge
Accepted. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, 16(1),
6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2021.11.012
Windsor, D. (2017). The ethics and
business diplomacy of MNE tax avoidance. Advanced Series in Management, 18,
151–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877-636120170000018005
Xia, C., Cao, C., & Chan, K. C.
(2017). Social trust environment and firm tax avoidance: Evidence from China. North
American Journal of Economics and Finance, 42, 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.07.013