ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
AND TERRORISM ATTACKS PREVENTION IN AN OFFICES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN
INDONESIA
Warapsari Jihadtullah Tanara*, Sapto Priyanto
Sekolah Kajian Stratejik dan
Global (SKSG), Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]*
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Article
Information |
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ABSTRACT |
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Received:
December 24, 2022 Revised:
December 30, 2022 Approved:
January 15, 2023 Online: January
27, 2023 |
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Terrorism is a
global issue for countries in the world, both in Indonesia itself. Since the
existence of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the country has
always faced incidents and threats of terror. This study
aims to determine the security system and prevention of terrorist attacks in
one of the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia in order to
anticipate potential threats of crime that may occur. This study used a
qualitative approach, followed by an analysis of the location security system
based on three ring security in the surveillance detection program and CPTED
(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). Furthermore, conclusions and
anticipation of problems can be made. This
study concludes that in order to create comfort and security from the threat
of various criminal acts, it is deemed necessary to have an integrated
security plan as a preventive measure in securing and preventing terrorist
attacks at the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia. ·
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Keywords |
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Terrorism; security; prevention; office
of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia |
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INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is a global issue for countries in the
world, both in Indonesia itself. Since the existence of the Unitary State of
the Republic of Indonesia, the country has always faced incidents and threats
of terror. Threats to state sovereignty have emerged since the early years of
independence. These threats take various forms, including separatist movements
and rebellions
Acts
of terrorism cause fear of the wider community, causing trauma to the victims,
and giving rise to negative stigma and prejudice against Islam or Islamophobia.
Ironically, terrorism is carried out by subjects who are equally civilized,
namely religious adherents. Meanwhile, every religion contains the value of
absolute truth. The process of absorption by both parties has brought the
reality of the goal of terrorism to achieve its goal of obtaining universal
power
Escalation terrorism has increasedsignificantlyin somecountry afterUS bombing on September 11, 2001, where in the incident it has been destroy World Trade Center (WTC) building. Referring
to current development trends and reflecting on terror incidents in the past,
it can be shown that acts of terrorism already have international networks so
that they further accelerate quality and quantity improvements which have the
potential to disrupt global, regional and national security stability.
Therefore, the globalization of terror and the forces that followed forced the
response of most countries to reform their national security policies. National
stability is urgently needed to realize national stability in order to jointly maintain
the integrity of the nation and state by forming a collective awareness of all
elements of the nation and nation of Indonesia. However, national stability
efforts face various challenges. One of them is the rise of acts of terrorism
in several areas
According to Mostofa, terrorism can define as shape
threatening
acts of violence victim
soul, by
acts of violence committed at random and notrelateddirectly withculprit, resulting in destructionwhichvery
large, death, fear,
worry
and despair
Terrorist
attacks directed against America and its allies, including in Indonesia, which
occurred from 1993 to 2003 have counted 977 times, consisting of deaths,
injuries, and other losses. The attacks that occurred against America and its
allies were triggered by the actions of America and its allies directly or
indirectly, so that the attacks that occurred were not just without cause
Domestic
and international security threats increased in the wake of large-scale acts of
terrorism, particularly 9/11 in the United States. Technological advances have
made ideologies and networks wider until the emergence of acts of terrorism
with new forms. The modus operandi underwent a change, from initially relying
on the role of groups and tending to be organized, to a form of strategy with
individual attacks (lone wolf), which made this difficult to detect. With the
development of the pattern of acts of terrorism that occur and target terror
targets more to public places and other places, which even attacks are aimed at
security forces and government offices, it is important to plan an integrated
security system for vital objects of the state as a preventive effort in
securing and preventing terrorism attacks, one of which is to be applied to the
offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia.
METHODS
In
this research used descriptive qualitative method and analyzed with secondary
data. Sugiyono argues, secondary data is data obtained indirectly, including
data in the form of tables, graphs, or research topics. Reports on the results
of activities that authors can use as necessary data related to the topics
discussed, such as articles, journal results on the Internet, and materials for
comparison with what was written
Next,
an analysis of the location security system will be carried out based on three
ring security in the surveillance detection program and CPTED (Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design) theory. Surveillance detection program is a
method of observing or observing people or parties who are carrying out
suspicious actions or activities in a certain environment
To
prevent acts of terrorism, surveillance detection should be carried out from
the start when a building is to be constructed or when a development plan has
been made, but this can also be done by renovating the building or buildings
owned, or buildings purchased and rented. As for what must be done to carry out
surveillance detection namely
1. Physical
Security:
a) Building
Design is security in the form of buildings or buildings, doors, windows, and
fences as well as other buildings originating from private institutions,
government-owned or public. Buildings depend on their function and purpose, and
by looking at their shape they can be distinguished from their construction,
namely:
That is a building that has a
strong and sturdy construction, this is usually found in community service
facilities, government buildings, and correctional institutions. The
construction is made of steel, with a wall thickness of between 30-50 cm and
then with a sand-cement ratio of 1: 1-1: 5, and this depends on demand and
needs. The window cavities of the building are made of steel and the glass is
bulletproof made of steel or polyester. The fences are made of whole iron which
has a thickness of 5-20 cm, then the wires are barbed wire made of steel, the
distance from the main road and buildings is at least 30 meters. Usually these
buildings are formed with the aim of being able to withstand shocks or
explosions up to hundreds of years old.
b) Approximately
Uncontrolled Areas is an area or area that may not be fully controlled such as
the location of a parking lot, bathroom/WC, telephone room, and others.
c) Portals
Vehicles & Pedestrians is an access consisting of several gates for
vehicles and pedestrians to enter the building.
d) Barriers
are fences, walls, barbed wire and others that function as obstacles to
restrain people from entering a building or structures.
e) Access
by Uncleared Personnel is access for people outside of employees in a building
or buildings (guests).
f) Required
Service Access is an entry or exit access for external service needs such as
guest cars, vendor cars, water filling cars, garbage trucks and others.
2. Security
Engineering
a) Personnel
Namely the security officer responsible for security at that
location. The ideal number of security officers varies, depending on each place
and location and there are other security supporting factors such as CCTV, the
shape of the building and so on. What needs to be considered in this case is
the determination of potential points for observation which will then be the
placement of security officers in order to create the desired security.
b) Equipment
The availability of equipment
will be very helpful in improving the performance of security officers,
including CCTV, surveillance towers, itemazers, alarms, walkthroughs, infrared
rays, central locks, batons, firearms, and others.
c) Techniques
and procedures
Security techniques are
emphasized on how a surveillance system is run by security officers to guard
the area. Important things that are part of this are the number of guard teams,
how the time is divided and guard rotation, whether CCTV and alarms are fully
operational, and so on. No less important is the procedure for visitors or
outsiders who will enter the building, this is to reduce the risk of crime.
3. Information/
Intelligence Security
Namely the outermost ring of
a security system that contains various activities and events that can be an
important source of information for security at a location or all kinds of
ongoing events at the location or environment around the building in the form
of routine or non-routine activities and news from the mass media. Furthermore,
there are seven steps (Seven Step Terrorist Attack) carried out by terrorists
when carrying out attacks, which are as follows
a) Target
List
Target list is a list of
targets that will be the target of terrorist attacks. The first target is
usually the President, Ambassador and other high-ranking State officials. The
next target is the State Palace, Embassies and other vital objects. The third
target is government staff or important state staff, usually carried out in the
form of kidnapping and killing. Other targets are places of worship, hotels,
shopping centers and other crowds.
b) Surveillance
At this stage, a complete
initial observation is started, and the collection of data regarding objects or
places that are expected to be targets or targets of terrorists. The data
collected will be very useful in determining the most likely goals or targets
to be implemented.
c) Final
Selection
At this stage the terrorist
will determine the target or targets which will then be attacked, namely there
are main targets, alternative targets, and lie targets. The decisions taken are
based on the results of observations made at the beginning along with
considerations that are in accordance with the capabilities of the terrorists
in implementing them.
d) Last
Surveillance
Furthermore, after the target
is set, the terrorist will re-observe the main target, alternative targets, and
fake targets. Observations made with the aim of knowing the weaknesses in the
target or target, so that it can determine the type of attack to be carried
out.
e) Attack
Team Deploys
At this stage the terrorists
create a team that will then be in charge of carrying out the attack. In this
case it is also determined who will be the leader of the attack along with the
division of tasks during the attack, including preparation of the attack
strategy, purchasing materials, and so on.
f) Zero
Hours
Zero hours is the best time
to attack. Usually terrorists will carry out attacks during busy hours because
at this time the security system is usually lax so that the victim or target is
not aware. Usually zero hour, that is when entering the office or lunch break.
g) Entries
and Escapes
Entry and escape is a place that will be the target of terrorist attacks and
roads that terrorists will use to escape after a successful attack. Usually
this place is some distance away and higher than the target or target, but it
is considered safe. It is different with the perpetrators of suicide attacks,
entry and escape does not apply because the perpetrators will die at that time.
Furthermore, prevention of
criminal acts can be done in many ways, one of which is through CPTED (Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design). C. Ray Jeffrey stated that CPTED is a
design in the built environment that can be effective and appropriate with the
aim of reducing fear and incidents of criminal acts that will occur
a) Territoriality
is a design concept in strengthening ideas/ideas about ownership of legitimate
users of space, so that it can be an effort to reduce the opportunity to commit
violations by preventing unauthorized users
b) Surveillance
is about how design increases visibility, this is because most offenders don't
want to be noticed. So that this can be prevented by environmental design, can
affect crime and perceptions about the safety of users of the room
c) Access
Control, which is related to territorial assertion that helps form a separation
between public space and private space and can control parties who have entered
the environment or area
d) Target
Hardening which focuses on making it difficult for criminals to commit criminal
acts by narrowing down the possibilities that can occur
e) Image
and Management, namely providing routine maintenance and developing a positive
image of the environment or area and ensuring that physical elements continue
to function effectively and transmit positive signals to all users
f) Activity
Support namely by making activities that are safe and legal in areas that are
considered as unsafe areas
RESULTS
A. General Situation at One of
the Offices of Law Enforcement Agencies in Indonesia
Security
situation on the territory of the officeThese
are generally under control but there is still the possibility of potential
disturbances to security and order that can be caused by certain individuals or
groups, such as demonstrations, infiltration, theft, and others.
1.
Opponent
a)
Threat
Forecast
1)
Sabotage
2)
Rally
b)
Disturbance
Forecast
1)
Theft
2)
Infiltration
3)
Damage
to infrastructure
c)
Barrier
Estimation
1)
Rain/
flood/ tsunami
2)
Incomplete
security support equipment
2.
Comrades
a)
Polres
b)
Polsek
c)
Kodim
d)
Koramil
e)
Security
B.
Implementation of Security Activities
1) Security Concept
a)
The
security team carries out surveillance throughout the environmentoffices
in an intensive and coordinated manner, in anticipation of potential threats,
disturbances and obstacles that may occur.
b) Running sweeping programs and night patrols.
c)
Supervise
all activities or monitor CCTV footage inside and outside the building.
d)
Examination
of goods or logistics in and out.
e)
Perform
data collection and inspection for guests or visitors who come.
2) Security System
a)
Open
Security (Pre-emptive & Preventive)
·
Examination
of goods or logistics in and out.
·
Perform
data collection and inspection for guests or visitors.
·
Carry
out sweeping and night patrols.
b)
Closed
Security (Pre-emptive, Preventive & Repressive)
·
Pre-emptive
Dig
up information related to current issues that are developing, smuggling, the
movement of criminal groups, acts of terror, sabotage, and demonstrations
/demonstrations.
·
Preventive
Collaborating
with relevant government agencies, security forces, and local community leaders
to gain support and work together to achieve mutual security and order.
·
Repressive
Conducting
investigations to obtain information and data, cooperating with the authorities
in investigating cases.
3)
Security
Goals
a)
Man
·
Official
·
Staff
·
Visitor
·
Local
society
b)
Goods
·
Infrastructure
c)
The
place
·
Office
building
·
Office
complex
·
Place
of activity
d)
Document
e)
Activity
4) Security Area
a)
Inner/
Area Within Area
·
Office
location
·
Office
building
·
Warehouse
·
Parking
area
b)
Outer/ Environment Outside the Area Area
·
Building
boundary with fence
·
Outer
fence of residential building boundaries
·
Office
infrastructure
c)
Closed/
Surrounding Environment Outside the Area Area
·
Settlements
·
Other
objects
C. Security System Analysis at One of the Offices
of Law Enforcement Agencies in Indonesia
1. Based on Three Ring Security
Theory
a) Physical Security
Based on the physical
security aspect of the office, it can be concluded that the physical security
of the building is quite good, because:
·
The distance between the main
building and the main road is approximately 30 meters, so that it has met
safety standards.
·
The front fence of the
building is made of concrete only about one meter high, but the fence surrounds
the entire building area and also has iron trellis wire on the side to back
fences.
·
The gate is only made of
iron.
·
There are no obstacles
(barriers).
b) Security Techniques and
Procedures (Technical and Security Procedure)
Based on the technical and
procedural aspects of the office, it can be concluded that it is good enough,
because:
·
The security personnel in
charge of guarding only consisted of five people. One person on guard at the
front door or gate, one officer on guard at the main entrance, one person on
guard at the visitor entrance. Two officers stand guard in the courtroom,
namely one person is assigned to guard the front door of the courtroom, and one
person guards the entrance for the Judge.
·
There are many CCTV installed
inside and outside the building.
·
There is a routine night
patrol or watch with more than one person taking turns on guard.
·
There is cooperation with the
local police or district military command, but only specifically for securing
the execution of the disputed object.
·
The inspection procedure
carried out on guests/ visitors who will enter the building is quite strict and
thorough.
·
Absence of equipment to
detect bombs or other dangerous types.
c) Information Security/
Intelligence
There
is cooperation with related government agencies, security forces, and local
community leaders in order to get support and work together to achieve mutual
security and order. Furthermore, in the context of investigating the
investigation of cases, there is cooperation with the relevant apparatus.
Including information related to current issues that are currently developing.
2. Based on CPTED Theory (Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design)
a) Territoriallity
Between the main road and the
main building there is a physical barrier in the form of a fence and a gate. As
for the Surveilance Detection Intermediate Training 2002, Building Design is
one of the components in physical security (Physical security). Building Design
is security in the form of buildings or buildings, doors, windows, and fences
and other buildings originating from private, government-owned or public
institutions. The security standard based on the 2002 Surveillance Detection
Intermediate Training is that the distance from main roads and buildings is at
least 30 meters.
In this case the distance
between the main building and the main road is approximately 30 meters, so that
the safety standard has been met. The front fence of the building is made of
concrete only about one meter high, but the fence surrounds the entire building
area and also has iron trellis wire on the side to back fences. This is a
territorial confirmation between the building and the outside area. Then the
building gate is only made of iron and there is no barrier.
b) Surveillance
The security personnel in
charge of guarding consist of five people. One person on guard at the front
door or gate, one officer on guard at the main entrance, one person on guard at
the visitor entrance. Two officers stand guard in the courtroom, where one
person is on duty at the front door of the courtroom, and one person stands
guard at the entrance for the Judge. There are many CCTVs installed inside the
building or outside the building. There is a routine night patrol or watch with
more than one person taking turns on guard.
c) Access Control
The inspection procedure
carried out by guests who will enter the building is quite strict and thorough.
There is data collection for every visitor or guest who is required to show a
KTP (Resident Identity Card) along with the purpose of arrival as a visitor
entry and exit control. Then an ID card (identification) is given to the person
concerned as a means of order. Then at the entrance to the trial visitors there
is one officer whose job is to re-verify the visitor's ID Card. In addition,
there are also special facilities at the entrance for officials and court staff
to go to the courtroom. That is, the entrance is equipped with a certain code
that is only known by the staff and officials concerned, so that this tightens
the existing security system.
d) Target Hardening
Efforts to protect targets
apart from guarding security posts, guarding several entrances, having password
facilities at the entrances of officials and staff, there is also cooperation
with the local police or district military command, specifically for securing
the execution of the disputed object.
e) Image and Management
The facilities and
infrastructure at the office are well maintained. This is evident by the
absence of neglected conditions. The outside and inside of the building looks
neat and clean. This is also because every month an evaluation is held by the
Center or the Supreme Court which includes the performance of the Court and
infrastructure.
f) Activity Support
The office has a large and
adequate area. However, the security equipment owned by security officers is
incomplete. Absence of equipment to detect bombs or other dangerous types.
CONCLUSION
Whereas
with the development of patterns of terrorist acts that occurred and targeted
terror targets more at public places and other places, where even attacks were
aimed at security forces and government offices, it is important to plan an
integrated security system for vital state objects as a preventive measure in
safeguarding and prevention of terrorist attacks, one of which is to be applied
to the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia. From the results of a
study based on the Three Ring Security theory and the CPTED (Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design) theory at one of the offices of law enforcement
agencies in Indonesia, it shows that the security system is good enough. Namely
on the elements of physical security, techniques and security procedures
(technical and security procedures), and information/ intelligent security on
Three Ring Security is already running well. Then every element of the CPTED
concept runs optimally, especially in the elements of surveillance, access
control, target hardening, and image and management.
However,
there are still a number of elements that need to be improved, namely the
assertion of territoriality, the gate is only made of iron and there are no
barriers. Then in the supporting activity elements, the security equipment
owned by security officers is incomplete because there is no equipment to
detect bombs or other dangerous types. So that in order to create comfort and
security from the threat of various criminal acts, it is deemed necessary to
increase the security plan and establish an integrated security system as a
preventive measure in securing and preventing terrorist attacks at the offices
of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia.
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