INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian population is one of the largest cigarette
consumers in the world. It has a cigarette production that is no less large.
Smoking is not just a health problem but also involves political, business,
social, psychological, and poverty aspects. Even though it is known that the
risks of cigarettes are so significant, it is impossible to ban cigarette
factories from operating. Moreover, in
terms of male and female smoking prevalence, Indonesia ranks first and
thirteenth, respectively (Hardesty et al., 2019).
The cigarette industry is a great place to make money in
the form of jobs and the most significant tax contributor to the country. Some
of the wealthiest people in the country come from the tobacco industry.
Cigarettes have long been the main sponsor of various sports programs,
especially football which is very popular in the community. Moreover, according
to tobacco industry records, using pack color to entice new customers and
foster brand loyalty was deliberate (McKelvey, Baiocchi, Lazaro, Ramamurthi, & Halpern-Felsher, 2019). Cigarette
advertisements always show a man who is masculine and adventurous so that he
can win the hearts of teenagers who are indeed dreaming of becoming idols.
Along with the times, cigarette consumption as we know it
today has become a commodity related to culture. In daily community activities,
it is common to use cigarettes as one of the main dishes in addition to drinks
and cakes for guests, especially in cooperation activities. In fact, in some
areas, cigarettes are also part of the completeness of traditional ceremonies,
such as in Bali. The word "cigarette" is also used as gratitude to
people who help with light daily activities (Thabrany, n.d.).
This is what makes cigarettes one of the legalized drugs.
Even so far, when drug cases continue to fluctuate, cigarettes are always
neglected as the root of the drug problem.
In general, addiction causes the user to completely lose
self-control, making it difficult and unable to stop the behavior, despite all
efforts made to stop it. This loss of control makes an addict do various things
to complete the desire for his opium, regardless of the consequences and risks.
It is believed that 1 in 4 drug addicts start with a smoking addiction.
Starting from a cigarette addiction continues to become a drug addiction.
METHOD
This research uses
descriptive qualitative. This method aims to determine what causes cigarette
addicts to become drug addicts. Qualitative methods are often called natural
research methods because the research was conducted in natural conditions
(natural setting) (Sugiyono, 2016). A qualitative
research method in social sciences collects and analyzes
data through words and human actions. Researchers do not attempt to calculate
or quantify the qualitative data obtained and thus do not analyze
the numbers.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Initially, as a Cigarette
Addict, then Drug Addict
Based on Government Regulation no. 19 of 2003, it is known that
cigarettes are processed tobacco products, including cigars or other forms
produced from the Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana rustica,
and other species or their synthesis containing nicotine and tar with or
without additives.
Armstrong (1991)
smoking behavior is defined as the activity of
burning tobacco, which is then smoked, either directly using cigarettes or
using a pipe (Sitepoe, 2000a). According to Armstrong (1991), Smoking behavior is an activity of sucking tobacco smoke (Sitepoe, 2000b)
that is burned into the body and exhaling it back out. The smoke inhaled
through the mouth is called mainstream
smoke, while the smoke formed at the end of the burning cigarette, and
the smoke exhaled by the smoker is called sidestream smoke. Sidestream
smoke causes someone to become a passive smoker.
The risk is not
only about smokers (active) but also people around smokers, people who do not
smoke but have to inhale cigarette smoke, or people who are around smokers or,
from now on, referred to as passive smokers. Passive smokers have indirectly
introduced harmful substances into the body along with cigarette smoke that is
accidentally inhaled. This condition is more dangerous because the body of
passive smokers is not used to the smoke that is inhaled into their bodies (Sarafino & Smith, 2014).
Nicotine has an addictive effect because it can bind to the nicotic acetylcholine receptors found on nerves in the
brain. Activation of this nerve will result in the release of dopamine.
Dopamine is the brain increases so that it strengthens brain stimulation and
activates the rewards pathway,
namely the regulation of feelings and behavior caused
by specific mechanisms in the brain. This causes the desire to use nicotine
again and triggers physical dependence on nicotine to occur quickly and
intensely. In addition, dopamine is a chemical compound produced by the body
responsible for feelings of pleasure, joy, motivation, and self-confidence in
humans. This effect is desired by smokers who cause addiction. So that if a
person consumes cigarettes continuously, it will increase dopamine levels in
the body, which results in addiction. There are more than 3000 compounds in
tobacco, but nicotine is the most addictive.
Nicotine,
which is one component of cigarettes, is a psychotropic stimulant substance.
Thus, cigarettes are drugs too. Therefore, cigarettes also have the main
characteristics of other drugs: habituation, addiction, and tolerance.
Habituation is a feeling of longing that constantly crosses the mind to use a
substance so that a person will continue to want to use the substance when
hanging out with fellow users. At the same time, addiction is a compulsive urge
to use a substance accompanied by signs of dependence.
Dependence
itself can be psychological dependence (psychological
dependence) or physiological dependence (physiological dependence). Tolerance is an example of
physiological dependence; whereas the time of use increases, the subsequent use
of the substance requires a larger dose than before to achieve the same
pleasing effect. This tolerance will make a smoker, and other drug users,
continue to increase the number of cigarettes smoked from time to time.
Cigarettes are the cheapest drugs and are sold freely.
A
smoker experiences several stages of becoming stage-dependent (Surjaningrum, 2012). The first stage is experimental or
trial and error. They start inhaling cigarettes to seek peace and more energy
and escape everyday stress. At this stage, a smoker feels confident that he can
control his smoking habit. In the next
stage, namely regular use, smokers begin to be controlled by the
terrible effects of nicotine. At this stage, denial plays an important role.
Smokers will deny that they can no longer control their smoking habits, denying
that their habit can cause various fatal diseases. The last stage is dependence, where cigarettes have always become
a smoker's loyal friend. Without it, smokers will complain of misery from
bitter mouth to fever.
Cigarettes are also addictive substances because they can cause
addiction (addiction) and dependence (dependence) for people who smoke. In
other words, cigarettes belong to the class of drugs (narcotics, psychotropics,
alcohol, and addictive substances). Cigarettes
contain approximately 4,000 types of chemicals, of which 40 are carcinogenic
(can cause cancer), and at least 200 are harmful to health (Crofton, Horne, & Miller, 2002). The main toxins
in cigarettes are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide.
Crofton et al. (2002)
divide smokers into three categories, namely: 1) Light smokers (1-10 cigarettes
per day), also called Becoming a
smoker, 2) Medium smokers (11-20 cigarettes per day), Maintenance of
Smoking, where individuals begin to be influenced by physiological effects that
smoking is a fun activity and smoking is one part of self-regulation efforts,
3) heavy (more than 20 cigarettes per day). At this stage, the smoker is
already at the level of addiction, a form of dependence on cigarette
consumption.
More and more people are starting to smoke at a young age. These habits
generally start from trial and error or because of environmental influences.
However, smoking habits that begin in adolescence need to be watched because
being a smoker as a teenager can be a sign that in the future, the person will
become a drug addict because the brain
is still developing until the age of 25. If the brain were familiar with
nicotine in cigarettes, it would be a gateway to addiction to other compounds,
especially alcohol and illegal drugs. Most drug addicts start their careers by smoking in their early teens.
The habit of smoking then continues to become a habit of drinking alcoholic
beverages and then continues to consume devil pills.
2. Factors that cause Cigarette Addiction to Drug
Addiction
Addiction is a
condition for someone who does or uses something as a habit, necessity, or
obligation because, if not done, it causes discomfort (Darmono, 2006). Thus, drug
addiction is a condition for someone who works or uses drugs or narcotics as a
necessity. If not used, the perpetrators of drug abuse will experience
discomfort.
According to Rodiah (2019), several factors
trigger a person to experience drug addiction, including:
a)
Self factor
Self factors include the desire to try out of curiosity and to be accepted in a
particular group. Drugs can also be used by someone to vent problems; besides
that, drug users usually feel that they are not being cared for by family,
especially parents, or someone considered unique.
b)
Environmental
factor
Environmental
factors include a problematic family or a broken home, their family being drug
users or drug dealers, social or community environment, having a lot of wasted
free time, and a social environment full of competition and uncertainty.
c)
Narcotics
Factor
Narcotics are
increasingly easy to obtain, making someone get these illegal drugs quickly and
easily. Drugs have many types, ways of use, and different forms of packaging.
It is difficult to reveal the crime of the illicit narcotics trade business.
Besides, narcotics is a profitable business because The profits generated from
the drug business are huge.
Meanwhile, Jehani, 2006)
describes several factors that trigger a person to experience drug addiction,
including:
a)
Internal
factors, namely factors that come from a person, consist of:
1)
Personality If
a person's personality is unstable, not good, and easily influenced by others,
it is easier to fall into drug abuse.
2)
Family If the
relationship with the family is not harmonious (broken home), someone will
easily despair and be frustrated.
3)
Economy The
difficulty of finding a job creates a desire to work as a drug dealer. Someone
who is economically capable enough but lacks sufficient attention from family
or enters the wrong environment is more likely to fall into a drug user.
b) External factors, namely
factors that come from outside a person's self that influence action. In this
case, the external factors of drug abuse include:
1)
Association.
Peers have a strong enough influence on drug abuse, usually starting with
friends, especially for teenagers with relatively weak mental and
personalities.
2)
Social/Society,
A well-controlled and well-organized community environment will prevent drug
abuse and vice versa. Suppose the social environment tends to be apathetic and
does not care about the surrounding environment. In that case, it can lead to
rampant drug abuse among teenagers.
3. Classification of Addicts
Drug abuse can
be classified into five parts, and the following are the classifications (Zan & Bethsaida, 2011):
a)
Experiment user
In general,
drug users use drugs without any particular motivation and are only driven by
curiosity. There is no physical or psychological dependence. Drug users are
only occasional, and the doses used are small. This group of users is
extensive.
b) Recreational users
Recreational users are a group that uses drugs more
often. However, their use is still limited and only at certain times, such as
parties or recreation. Usually, the user has a high attachment to the group,
and in general, they do not lead to excessive use.
c)
Situational users
National users are groups of drug users who use
drugs when faced with difficult situations because they think they cannot solve
problems without the help of drugs. Drug users in this group form specific behavioral patterns that encourage them to repeat their
actions or use drugs more often, so they have a greater risk of becoming
addicts than in the above group.
d) Intensified User
Intensified users have used it chronically, at
least once a day. This group already feels the need for drugs as a form of
pleasure and escape from psychological pressures or problems they are facing.
e)
Compulsive dependence user
With typical symptoms in the form of tolerance for
withdrawal symptoms, users will always try to obtain drugs in various ways,
such as lying, cheating, and stealing.
CONCLUSION
On a stick, Cigarettes contain
approximately 4,000 types of chemicals, 40 types of which are carcinogenic (can
cause cancer), and at least 200 of them are harmful to health. The main toxins
in cigarettes are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. Cigarettes are also addictive
substances because they can cause addiction (addiction) and dependence
(dependence) for people who smoke. Based on the description above, it can be
concluded that smokers at the level of addiction, which is a form of dependence
on cigarette consumption when it is heavy to smoke more than 20 cigarettes per
day. Most drug addicts start their careers by smoking in their early teens. The
factors that cause drug addiction include internal and external factors that
influence either directly or indirectly against resistance from within. It is
believed that 1 in 4 drug addicts start with a smoking addiction. Starting from
addiction to cigarettes, continue to become addicted to drugs.
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